Part Number: 800-3827-10 Revision A of 27 March, 1990 The Sun logo, Sun Microsystems, Sun Workstation, NFS, and TOPS are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun, Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4, Sun386z, SPARCstation, SPARCserver, NeWS, NSE, OpenWindows, SPARC, Sunlnstall, SunLink, SunNet, SunOS, SunPro, and SunView are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T; OPEN LOOK is a trademark of AT&T. All other products or services mentioned in this document are identified by the trademarks or service marks of their respective companies or organizations, and Sun Microsystems, Inc. disclaims any responsibility for specifying which marks are owned by which companies or organizations. VOpen Q This logo is a trademark of the X/Open Company Limited in the UK and other countries, and its use is licensed to Sun Microsystems, Inc. The use of this logo certifies SunOS 4.1 conformance with X/Open Portability Guide Issue 2 (XPG 2). Copyright © 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 Sun Microsystems, Inc. - Printed in U.S.A. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by copyright hereon may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical - including photocopying, recording, taping, or storage in an information retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Restricted rights legend: use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. government is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraph (c)(l)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 52.227-7013 and in similar clauses in the FAR and NASA FAR Supplement. The Sun Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun ack- nowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user inter- faces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees. This product is protected by one or more of the following U.S. patents: 4,777,485 4,688,190 4,527,232 4,745,407 4,679,014 4,435,792 4,719,569 4,550,368 in addition to foreign patents and applications pending. This software and documentation is based in part on the Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution under license from the Regents of the University of California. We acknowledge the following individuals and institutions for their role in its development: The Regents of the University of California, the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Department at the Berkeley Campus of the University of California, and Other Contributors. INTRO (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS INTRO ( 7 ) NAME intro - miscellaneous useful information pages DESCRIPTION This section contains miscellaneous documentation, mostly in the area of text processing macro packages for troff(l). A 7V section number means one or more of the following: • The man page documents System V behavior only. • The man page documents default SunOS behavior, and System V behavior as it differs from the default behavior. These System V differences are presented under SYSTEM V section headers. • The man page documents behavior compliant with IEEE Std 1 003.1 -1 988 (POSIX. 1). LIST OF MISC. TABLES Name Appears on Page Description ansic ansic(7V) ANSI C (draft of December 7 1988) lint library ascii ascii(7) map of ASCII character set bsd bsd(7) overview of the Berkeley 4.3 environment eqnchar eqnchar(7) special character definitions for eqn filesystem filesystem (7) file system organization hier hier(7) file system hierarchy iso_8859_l iso_8859_l(7) map of character set man man(7) macros to format Reference Manual pages me me(7) macros for formatting papers ms ms(7) text formatting macros posix posix(7V) overview of the IEEE Std 1003.1-1988 (POSIX.l) environment SunOS sunos(7) overview of the SunOS Release 4.1 environment svidii svidii(7V) overview of the System V environment svidiii svidiii(7V) SVIDIII lint library xopen x/open(7V) overview of the XPG Issue 2 (X/Open) environment Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 4 September 1987 1793 ANSIC ( 7V ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ANSIC (7V) NAME ansic - ANSI C (draft of December 7 1988) lint library SYNOPSIS /usr/5bin/lint -n -lansic ansic _src.c AVAILABILITY This environment is not available under SunOS Release 4.1. The environment that most closely approxi- mates an ANSI C environment is the System V environment. The System V environment is available with the System V software installation option. Refer to Installing SunOS 4.1 for information on how to install optional software. DESCRIPTION ANSI C is a proposed standard for the C language. SunOS Release 4.1 does not currently fully support ANSI C applications. It does support many of the functions described by the ANSI C draft. This man page does not imply that the functions supported by SunOS Release 4.1 and the functions described by the ANSI C draft perform identically. The ANSI C lint library is intended solely as a porting aid. The ANSI C lint library consists exclusively of ANSI C functions. Users may lint their code with the -n -lansic options to catch all non-ANSI C features. Certain functions defined in the ANSI C lint library are not available in the C library but are available. In particular, math functions are made available only when the -lm option is added to cc(lV) or ld(l) com- mands. Other ANSI C functions not supported at all in SunOS Release 4. 1 are raise( ), fgetpos( ), fsetpos( ), div( ), Idiv( ), strtoul( ), strerror( ), and difftime( ). FILES /usr/5lib/lint/llib-lansic* ANSI C lint library SEE ALSO lint(lV), bsd(7), posix(7V), sunos(7), svidii(7V), svidiii(7V), xopen(7V) 1794 Last change: 30 September 1989 Sun Release 4.1 ASCII (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ASCII (7) NAME ascii - map of ASCII character set SYNOPSIS cat /usr/pub/ascii DESCRIPTION /usr/pub/ascii is a map of the ASCII character set, to be printed as needed. It contains octal and hexade- cimal values for each character. While not included in that file, a chart of decimal values is also shown here. Octal — Character 1000 NULI001 SCHI002 STXI003 ETXI004 EOT 1005 ENQ 1006 ACKI007 BEL 1010 BS 1011 HT 1012 NL 1013 VT 1014 NP 1015 CR 1016 SO 1017 SI 1020 DLEI021 DC1 1022 DC2I023 DC3 1 024 DC4I025 NAK 1026 SYNI027 ETB 1030 CANI031 EM 1032 SUB 1033 ESC 1034 FS 1035 GS 1036 RS 1037 US 1040 SP 1041 ! 1042 it 1043 # 1044 $ 1045 % 1046 & 1047 ' 1050 ( 1051 ) 1052 * 1053 + 1054 9 1055 — 1056 1057 / 1060 0 1061 1 1062 2 1063 3 1064 4 1065 5 1066 6 1067 7 1070 8 1071 9 1072 1073 > 1074 < 1075 = 1076 > 1077 7 1 100 @ 1 101 A 1 102 B 1 103 C 1 104 D 1 105 E 1 106 F 1 107 G 1110 H 1111 I 1 112 J 1 113 K 1 1 14 L 1115 M 1116 N 1 117 O 1 120 P 1 121 Q 1 122 R 1 123 S 1 124 T 1 125 U 1 126 V 1 127 W 1 130 X i 131 Y 1 132 Z 1 133 [ 1 134 \ 1 135 ] 1 136 1 137 1 140 1 141 a 1 142 b 1 143 c 1 144 d 1 145 e 1 146 f 1 147 g 1 150 h 1 151 i 1 152 j 1 153 k 1 154 1 1 155 m 1 156 n 1 157 0 1 160 P 1 161 q 1 162 r 1 163 s 1 164 t 1 165 u 1 166 V 1 167 w 1 170 X 1 171 y 1 172 z 1 173 { 1 174 1 1 175 } 1 176 ~ 1 177 DEL Hexadecimal — Character 1 00 NUL1 01 SCHI 02 STXI 03 ETXI 04 EOTI 05 ENQ 1 06 ACKI 07 BEL 1 08 BS 1 09 HT ! 0A NL 1 0B VT 1 OC NP 1 0D CR 1 0E SO 1 OF SI 1 10 DLE 1 1 1 DC1 1 12 DC2I 13 DC3 1 14 DC4I 15 NAK 1 16 SYNI 17 ETB 1 18 CANI 19 EM 1 1A SUBI IB ESCI 1C FS 1 ID GS 1 IE RS 1 IF US 1 20 SP 1 21 ! 1 22 It 1 23 # 1 24 $ 1 25 % 1 26 & 1 27 - 1 28 ( 1 29 ) 1 2A * 1 2B + 1 2C > 1 2D - 1 2E 1 2F / 1 30 0 1 31 1 1 32 2 1 33 3 1 34 4 1 35 5 1 36 6 1 37 7 1 38 8 1 39 9 1 3A 1 3B » 1 3C < 1 3D = 1 3E > 1 3F 7 1 40 @ 1 41 A 1 42 B 1 43 C 1 44 D 1 45 E 1 46 F 1 47 G 1 48 H 1 49 I 1 4A J 1 4B K 1 4C L 1 4D M 1 4E N 1 4F O 1 50 P 1 51 Q 1 52 R 1 53 S 1 54 T 1 55 U 1 56 V 1 57 W 1 58 X 1 59 Y 1 5A Z 1 5B [ 1 5C \ 1 5D ] 1 5E 1 5F 1 60 N 1 61 a 1 62 b 1 63 c 1 64 d 1 65 e 1 66 f 1 67 g 1 68 h 1 69 i 1 6A j 1 6B k 1 6C 1 1 6D m 1 6E n 1 6F o 1 70 P 1 71 q 1 72 r 1 73 s 1 74 t 1 75 u 1 76 V 1 77 w 1 78 X 1 79 y 1 7 A z 1 7B { 1 7C 1 1 7D } 1 7E ~ 1 7F DEL Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 16 February 1988 1795 ASCII (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ASCII (7) Decimal — Character 0 NULI 1 SOU 2 STXI 3 ETXI 4 EOT! 5 ENQI 6 ACKI 7 BEL 8 BS 1 9 HT 1 10 NL 1 11 VT 1 12 NP 1 13 CR 1 14 SO 1 15 SI 16 DLEI 17 DC1I 18 DC2I 19 DC3I 20 DC4I 21 NAKI 22 SYNI 23 ETB 24 CANI 25 EM 1 26 SUB 1 27 ESCI 28 FS 1 29 GS 1 30 RS 1 31 US 32 SP 1 33 i 1 34 ii | 35 # 1 36 $ 1 37 % 1 38 & 1 39 ■ 40 ( 1 41 ) 1 42 * 1 43 + 1 44 » 1 45 1 46 1 47 7 48 0 1 49 1 1 50 2 1 51 3 1 52 4 1 53 5 1 54 6 1 55 7 56 8 1 57 9 1 58 59 > 1 60 < 1 61 = 1 62 > 1 63 ? 64 @ 1 65 A 1 66 B 1 67 C 1 68 D 1 69 E 1 70 F 1 71 G 72 H 1 73 I 1 74 J 1 75 K 1 76 L 1 77 M 1 78 N 1 79 O 80 P 1 81 Q 1 82 R 1 83 S 1 84 T 1 85 U 1 86 V 1 87 W 88 X 1 89 Y 1 90 Z 1 91 [ 1 92 \ 1 93 ] 1 94 * 1 95 96 ' 1 97 a 1 98 b 1 99 c 1 100 d 1 101 e 1 102 f 1 103 g 104 h 1 105 i 1 106 j 1107 k 1 108 1 1 109 m 1110 n 1 111 0 112 p 1 113 q 1 114 r 1 115 s 1116 t 1 117 u 1 118 V 1119 w 120 x 1 121 y 1 122 z 1 123 { 1 124 1 1 125 } 1 126 - 1 127 DEL FILES /usr/pub/ascii Online chart of octal and hexadecimal values for the ASCII character set. 1796 Last change: 16 February 1988 Sun Release 4.1 BSD (7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS BSD(7) NAME bsd - overview of the Berkeley 4.3 environment SYNOPSIS /usr/bin/lint -n -Ibsd bsd_src.c DESCRIPTION BSD 4.3 is a set of functions and headers. The SunOS Release 4.1 is a superset of BSD 4.3. It includes all of the functionality described in the BSD 4.3 documentation. See sunos(7) for an overview of SunOS func- tionality. Note: there may be some cases where the coexistence of another environment overrides the BSD 4.3 semantics. In particular, when there has been a point of conflict between POSIX.l and BSD 4.3, POSIX.l has won (see setsid(8V) for such an example). Many man pages are marked with a “V” after the section number, indicating some sort of System V con- formance. BSD 4.3 functions are also documented on these man pages, as well as on man pages without the “V” section suffix. By default, the user will get a superset of the BSD 4.3 environment. No path modifications should be necessary. The typical path is set path = ( /usr/ucb /bin /usr/bin ) LINT As a portability aid. Sun is providing a lint library that consists exclusively of BSD 4.3 functions. Users may lint their code with the -n -lbsd options to catch all non-BSD 4.3 features. BSD, as with most other environments, continues to evolve. The -lbsd lint library will always refer to the most recent BSD release supported by Sun. Some applications may wish to port to a particular release of BSD. They may safely use the more specific name of -I4.3bsd (currently the same as -lbsd). Lint libraries for BSD releases earlier than 4.3 are not currently available. 4.3 BSD is sufficiently close to 4.2 BSD that the 4.3 BSD lint library usually works. FILES /usr/bin/* /usr/ucb/* /usr/include/* /usr/lib/* /usr/lib/lint/llib-lbsd* SEE ALSO lint(lV), ansic(7V), posix(7V), sunos(7), svidii(7V), svidiii(7V), xopen(7V), setsid(8V) BSD 4.3 and SunOS specific executables BSD 4.3 derived executables BSD 4.3 and SunOS specific header files BSD 4.3 and SunOS specific library files BSD 4.3 lint library Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 30 September 1989 1797 EQNCHAR ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS EQNCHAR (7) NAME eqnchar - special character definitions for eqn SYNOPSIS eqn /usr/pub/eqnchar [filename ] | troff [ options ] neqn /usr/pub/eqnchar [filename ] | nr off [ options ] DESCRIPTION eqnchar contains troff(l) and nroff(l) character definitions for constructing characters that are not avail- able on the Graphic Systems typesetter. These definitions are primarily intended for use with eqn(l) and eqn(l). It contains definitions for the following characters ciplus © // II square □ citimes langle i \ circle O wig - rangle \ i blot □ -wig = hbar n bullet • >wig > ppd i prop oc o empty 0 =wig = <=> member G star * /< nomem d bigstar * /> > cup u =dot == ang /_ cap n orsign V rang /- incl E andsign A 3dot subset c =del A thf supset 3 oppA -¥ quarter ] /4 /subset C oppE 3 3quarter % /supset a angstrom A degree o FILES /usr/pub/eqnchar SEE ALSO eqn(l), nroff(l), troff(l) 1798 Last change: 9 September 1987 Sun Release 4.1 FILESYSTEM (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS FILESYSTEM (7) NAME filesystem - file system organization SYNOPSIS / /usr DESCRIPTION The SunOS file system tree is organized for easy administration. Distinct areas within the file system tree are provided for files that are private to one machine, files that can be shared by multiple machines of a common architecture, files that can be shared by all machines, and home directories. This organization allows the sharable files to be stored on one machine, while being accessed by many machines using a remote file access mechanism such as Sun’s Network File System (NFS). Grouping together similar files makes the file system tree easier to upgrade and manage. The file system tree consists of a root file system and a collection of mountable file systems. The mount(8) program attaches mountable file systems to the file system tree at mount points (directory entries) in the root file system, or other previously mounted file systems. Two file systems, / (the root) and /usr, must be mounted in order to have a fully functional system. The root file system is mounted automatically by the kernel at boot time; the /usr file system is mounted by the /etc/rc.boot script, which is run as part of the booting process. The root file system contains files that are unique to each machine; it can not be shared among machines. The root file system contains the following directories: /dev Character and block special files. Device files provide hooks into hardware devices or operat- ing system facilities. The MAKEDEV command (see makedev(8)) builds device files in the /dev directory. Typically, device files are built to match the kernel and hardware configuration of the machine. /etc Various configuration files and system administration databases that are machine specific. You can think of /etc as the “home directory” of a machine, defining its “identity.” Executable pro- grams are no longer kept in /etc. /home Mount points for home directories. This directory may be arranged so that shared user files are placed under the directory /horn z! machine-name on machines serving as file servers. Machines may then be locally configured with mount points under /home for all of the file servers of interest, with the name of the mount point being the name of the file server. /mnt A generic mount point. This is an empty directory available for temporarily mounting file sys- tems on. /shin Executable programs that are needed in the boot process before /usr is mounted, /sbin con- tains only those programs that are needed in order to mount the /usr file system: hostname(l), ifconfig(8C), init(8), mount(8), and sh(l). After /usr is mounted, the full complement of utili- ties are available. /tmp Temporary files that are deleted at reboot time. /var Files, such as log files, that are unique to a machine but that can grow to an arbitrary (“vari- able”) size. /var/adm System logging and accounting files. /var/preserve Backup files for vi(l) and ex(l). /var/spool Subdirectories for files used in printer spooling, mail delivery, cron(8), at(l), etc. /var/tmp Transitory files that are not deleted at reboot time. Sun Release 4. 1 Last change: 10 January 1988 1799 FILESYSTEM (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS FILESYSTEM (7) Because it is desirable to keep the root file system small, larger file systems are often mounted on /var and /tap. The file system mounted on /usr contains architecture-dependent and architecture-independent shareable files. The subtree rooted at /usr/share contains architecture-independent shareable files; the rest of the /usr tree contains architecture-dependent files. By mounting a common remote file system, a group of machines with a common architecture may share a single /usr file system. A single /usr/share file system can be shared by machines of any architecture. A machine acting as a file server may export many different /usr file systems to support several different architectures and operating system releases. Clients usually mount /usr read-only to prevent their accidentally modifying any shared files. The /usr file system contains the following subdirectories: /usr/5bin System V executables. /usr/5include System V include files. /usr/51ib System V library files. /usr/bin Executable programs. The bulk of the system utilities are located here, /usr/dict Dictionary databases. /usr/etc Executable system administration programs. /usr/games Executable game programs and data. /usr/include Include files. /usr/Iib Program libraries and various architecture-dependent databases. /usr/pub Various data files. /usr/ucb Executable programs descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution, /usr/share Subtree for architecture-independent shareable files. /usr/share/man Subdirectories for the on-line reference manual pages. /usr/shar e/lib Architecture-independent databases. A machine with disks may export root file systems, swap files and / usr file systems to diskless or partially- disked machines, which mount these into the standard file system hierarchy. The standard directory tree for exporting these file systems is: /export The root of the exported file system tree. / export/ exec/ architecture-name The exported /usr file system supporting architecture-name for the current release. / export/exec/ architecture-name .release-name The exported /usr file system supporting architecture-name for SunOS release-name . /export/share The exported common /usr/share directory tree. / export/root/ hostname The exported root file system for hostname. / export/ swap/ hostname The exported swap file for hostname. lexportJ\ar/hostname The exported /var directory tree for hostname. /export/dump /hostname The exported dump file for hostname . /export/crash/ hostname The exported crash dump directory for hostname . 1800 Last change: 10 January 1988 Sun Release 4.1 FILESYSTEM (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS FILESYSTEM (7) Changes from Previous Releases The file system layout described here is quite a bit different from the layout employed previous to release 4.0 of SunOS. For compatibility with earlier releases of SunOS, and other versions of the UNIX system, symbolic links are provided for various files and directories linking their previous names to their current locations. The symbolic links provided include: /bin — > /usr/bin All programs previously located in /bin are now in /usr/bin. /lib — > /usr/lib All files previously located in /lib are now in /usr/Iib. /usr/adm — > /var/adm The entire /usr/adm directory has been moved to /var/adm. /usr/spool — > /var/spool The entire /usr/spool directory has been moved to /var/spool. /usr/tmp — > /var/tmp The /usr/tmp directory has been moved to /var/tmp. /etc/termcap — > /usr/share/lib/termcap /usr/51ib/terminfo — > /usr/share/Iib/terminfo /usr/lib/me — > /usr/share/lib/me /usr/lib/ms — > /usr/share/lib/ms /usr/Iib/tmac — > /usr/share/lib/tmac /usr/man — > /usr/share/man The following program binaries have been moved from /etc to /usr/etc with symbolic links to them left in /etc: arp, clri, cron, chown, chroot, config, dkinfo, dmesg, dump, fastboot, fasthalt, fsck, halt, ifconfig, link, mkfs, mknod, mount, ncheck, newfs, pstat, rdump, reboot, renice, restore, rmt, rrestore, shut- down, umount, update, unlink, and vipw. In addition, some files and directories have been moved with no symbolic link left behind in the old loca- tion: Old Name New Name /etc/biod /usr/etc/biod /etc/fsirand /usr/etc/fsirand /etc/getty /usr/etc/getty /etc/in,rlogind /usr/etc/in.rlogind /etc/in.routed /usr/etc/in.routed /etc/in.rshd /usr/etc/in.rshd /etc/inetd /usr/etc/inetd /etc/init /usr/etc/init /etc/nfsd /usr/etc/nfsd /etc/portmap /usr/etc/portmap /etc/rpc.lockd /usr/etc/rpc.lockd /etc/rpc.statd /usr/etc/rpc.statd /etc/ypbind /usr/etc/ypbind /usr/lib/sendmail.cf /etc/sendmail.cf /usr/preserve /var/preserve /usr/lib/aliases /etc/aliases /stand /usr/stand /etc/yp /var/yp Sun Release 4. 1 Last change: 10 January 1988 1801 FILESYSTEM (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS FILESYSTEM (7) Note: with this new file system organization, the approach to repairing a broken file system changes. One must mount /usr before doing an fsck(8), for example. If the mount point for /usr has been destroyed, /usr can be mounted temporarily on /mnt or /tmp. If the root file system on a standalone system is so badly damaged that none of these mount points exist, or if /sbin/mount has been corrupted, the only way to repair it may be to re-install the root file system. SEE ALSO at(l), ex(l), hostname(l), sh(l), vi(l), intro(4), nfs(4P), hier(7), fsck(8), ifconfig(8C), init(8), mak- edev(8), mount(8), rc(8) 1802 Last change: 10 January 1988 Sun Release 4.1 HIER ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS HIER ( 7 ) NAME hier - file system hierarchy DESCRIPTION The following outline gives a quick tour through a typical SunOS file system hierarchy: / root directory of the file system /dev/ devices (Section 4) MAKEDEV shell script to create special files MAKEDEV.local site specific part of MAKEDEV console main system console, console(4S) drum paging device, drum(4) ♦mem memory special files, mem(4S) null null file or data sink, null(4) pty[p-z]* pseudo terminal controllers, pty(4) tty[ab] CPU serial ports, zs(4S) tty[0123][0-f] MTI serial ports mti(4S) tty[hijk][0-f] ALM-2 serial ports mcp(4S) tty[p-z]* pseudo terminals, pty(4) vme* VME bus special files, mem (4S) win window system special files, win(4S) xy* disks, xy(4S) rxy* raw disk interfaces, xy(4S) /etc/ system-specific maintenance and data files dumpdates dump history, dump(8) exports table of file systems exportable with NFS, exports(5) fstab file system configuration table, fstab(5) group group file, group(5) hosts host name to network address mapping file, hosts(5) hosts.equiv list of trusted systems, hosts.equiv(5) motd message of the day, login(l) mtab mounted file table, mtab(5) networks network name to network number mapping file, networks(5) passwd password file, passwd(5) phones private phone numbers for remote hosts, as described in phones(5) printcap table of printers and capabilities, printcap(5) protocols protocol name to protocol number mapping file, protocols(5) rc shell program to bring the system up multiuser rc.boot startup file run at boot time rc.Iocal site dependent portion of rc remote names and description of remote hosts for tip(lC), remote(5) services network services definition file, services(5) Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 10 January 1988 1803 HIER ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS HIER (7) ttytab database of terminal information used by getty(8) /export/ directory of exported files and file systems for clients, including swap files, root, and /usr file systems /home/ directory of mount points for remote-mounted home directories and shared file systems user home (initial working) directory for user .profile set environment for sh(l), environ(5V) .project what you are doing (used by (finger(l)) •cshrc startup file for csh(l) .exrc startup file for ex(l) .plan what your short-term plans are (used by finger(l)) .rhosts host equivalence file for rlogin(lC) .mailrc startup file for mail(l) calendar user’s datebook for calendar(l) /lost+found directory for connecting detached files for fsck(8) /mnt/ mount point for file systems mounted temporarily /shin/ executable programs needed to mount / usr/ hostname ifconfig init mount sh /tmp/ temporary files, usually on a fast device, see also /var/tmp/ ctm* usedbycc(lV) e* usedbyed(l) /var/ directory of files that tend to grow or vary in size adm/ administrative log files lastlog record of recent logins, utmp(5V) Ipacct line printer accounting lpr(l) messages system messages tracct phototypesetter accounting, troff(l) utmp table of currently logged in users, utmp(5V) vaacct, vpacct varian and versatec accounting vtroff(l), pac(8) wtmp login history, utmp(5V) preserve/ editor temporaries preserved here after crashes/hangups spool/ delayed execution files cron/ used by cron(8) lpd/ used by lpr(l) lock present when line printer is active cf* copy of file to be printed, if necessary df* control file for print job tf* transient control file, while Ipr is working 1804 Last change: 10 January 1988 Sun Release 4.1 HIER ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS HIER (7) mail/ mailboxes for mail(l) name mail file for user name name .lock lock file while name is receiving mail mqueue/ mail queue for sendmail(8) secretmail/ like mail/, but used by xsend(l) uucp/ work files and staging area for uucp(lC) LOGFILE summary log LOG.* log file for one transaction tmp/ temporary files, to keep /tmp/ small raster used by plot(lG) stm * used by sor t( 1 V) yp / Network Information Service (NIS) database files, ypfiles(5) /usr/ general-purpose directory, usually a mounted file system bin/ utility programs as assembler, as(l) cc C compiler executive, c.f. /usr/Iib/ccom, /usr/lib/cpp, /usr/lib/c2 csh the C-shell, csh(l) sh the Bourne shell, sh(l) demo/ demonstration programs diag/ system tests and diagnostics diet/ word lists, etc. spellhist history file for spell(l) words principal word list, used by look(l) etc/ system administration programs; c.f. section 8 catman update preformatted man pages, catman(8) cron the clock daemon, cron(8) dump file system backup program dump(8) getty part of login(l), getty(8) in.comsat biff server (incoming mail daemon), comsat(8C) init the parent of all processes, init(8) mount mount(8) yp/ NIS programs ypinit build and install NIS database, ypinit(8) yppush force propagation of a changed NIS map, yppush(8) ypset point ypbind at a particular server, ypset(8) games/ backgammon Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 10 January 1988 1805 HIER ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS HIER (7) lib/ library directory for game scores, etc. quiz.k/ what quiz(6) knows africa countries and capitals index category index hosts/ symbolic links to rsh(lC) for commonly accessed remote hosts include/ standard #include files a.out.h object file layout, a.out(5) images/ icon images machine/ header files from /usr/share/sys/sys/machine; may be a symbolic link math.h intro(3M) net/ header files from /usr/share/sys/sys/net; may be a symbolic link nfs / header files used in the Network File System (NFS) stdio.h standard I/O, intro(3) sys / kernel header files, c.f. /usr/share/sys/sys lib/ object libraries, compiler program binaries, and other data ccom C compiler proper cpp C preprocessor c2 C code improver eign list of English words to be ignored by ptx(l) font/ fonts for troff(l) ftR Times Roman ftB Times Bold libc-a system calls, standard VO, etc. (2,3 ,3S) libm.a math library, intro(3M) lint/ utility files for lint lint[12] subprocesses for lint( IV) llib-Ic dummy declarations for /usr/lib/libc.a, used by lint(l V) llib-lm dummy declarations for /usr/lib/Iibm.a units conversion tables for units(l) uucp/ programs and data for uucp(lC) L.sys remote system names and numbers uucico the real copy program local/ locally maintained software old/ obsolete and unsupported programs pub/ publicly readable data files sees / binaries of programs that compose the source code control system (SCCS) sre/ system source code tree stand/ standalone programs (not run under the Sun Operating System) share/ architecture independent files lib/ architecture independent data files termcap description of terminal capabilities, termcap (5) 1806 Last change: 10 January 1988 Sun Release 4.1 HIER ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS HIER (7) tmac/ macros for troff(l) tmac.an macros for man(7) fmac.s macros for ms(7) man/ on-line reference manual pages, man(l) man?/ source files (nroff(l)) for sections 1 through 8 of the manual as.l cat?/ preformatted pages for sections 1 through 8 of the manual sys/ SunOS kernel source and object modules ucb/ binaries of programs developed at the University of California, Berkeley ex line-oriented editor for experienced users, ex(l) vi screen-oriented editor, vi(l) /vmunix the SunOS kernel binary SEE ALSO filesystem(7), find(l), finger(l), grep(lV), Is(lV), rlogin(lC), whatis(l), whereis(l), which(l), ncheck(8) BUGS The locations of files are subject to change without notice; the organization of your file system may vary. This list is incomplete. The Network Information Service (NIS) was formerly known as Sun Yellow Pages (YP). The functionality of the two remains the same; only the name has changed. Sun Release 4. 1 Last change: 10 January 1988 1807 ISO_8859_l (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ISO_8859_l (7) NAME iso_8859_l - map of character set SYNOPSIS cat /usr/share/lib/locale/LC_CTYPE/iso_8859_l DESCRIPTION /usr/share/lib/Iocale/LC_CTYPE/iso_8859_l is a map of the ISO_8859/l character set, to be printed as needed. This character set is available if setlocale (3V) is declared as: setloca!e(LC_CTYPE, iso_8859_l) or: setlocaIe(LC_ALL, iso_8859_l) see set!ocale(3V) for more information about declaring categories and locales. ISO Latin 1 Character Set The following table displays the ISO 8859/1 character set. ISO Latin 1 Row/Col Decimal Octal Name 02/00 032 040 SP SPACE 02/01 033 041 ! EXCLAMATION POINT 02/02 034 042 " QUOTATION MARK 02/03 035 ' 043 # NUMBER SIGN 02/04 036 044 $ DOLLAR SIGN 02/05 037 045 % PERCENT SIGN 02/06 038 046 & AMPERSAND 02/07 039 047 * APOSTROPHE 02/08 040 050 ( LEFT PARENTHESIS 02/09 041 051 ) RIGHT PARENTHESIS 02/10 042 052 * ASTERISK 02/11 043 053 + PLUS SIGN 02/12 044 054 , COMMA 02/13 045 055 - HYPHEN, MINUS SIGN 02/14 046 056 FULL STOP (U.S.: PERIOD, DECIMAL POINT) 02/15 047 057 / SOLIDUS (U.S.: SLASH) 03/00 048 060 0 DIGIT ZERO 03/01 049 061 1 DIGIT ONE 03/02 050 062 2 DIGIT TWO 03/03 051 063 3 DIGIT THREE 03/04 052 064 4 DIGIT FOUR 03/05 053 065 5 DIGIT FIVE 03/06 054 066 6 DIGIT SIX 03/07 055 067 7 DIGIT SEVEN 03/08 056 070 8 DIGIT EIGHT 03/09 057 071 9 DIGIT NINE 03/10 058 072 COLON 03/11 059 073 03/12 060 074 < LESS-THAN SIGN 03/13 061 075 = EQUALS SIGN 03/14 062 076 > GREATER-THAN SIGN 03/15 063 077 ? QUESTION MARK 1808 Last change: 5 October 1989 Sun Release 4.1 ISO_8859_l ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ISO_8859_l (7) ISO Latin 1 (continued) Row/Col Decimal Octal Name 04/00 064 100 @ COMMERCIAL AT 04/01 065 101 A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A 04/02 066 102 B LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B 04/03 067 103 C LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C 04/04 068 104 D LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D 04/05 069 105 E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E 04/06 070 106 F LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F 04/07 071 107 G LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G 04/08 072 110 H LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H 04/09 073 111 I LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I 04/10 074 112 J LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J 04/11 075 113 K LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K 04/12 076 114 L LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L 04/13 077 115 M LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M 04/14 078 116 N LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N 04/15 079 117 O LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O 05/00 080 120 P LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P 05/01 081 121 Q LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q 05/02 082 122 R LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R 05/03 083 123 S LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S 05/04 084 124 T LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T 05/05 085 125 U LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U 05/06 086 126 V LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V 05/07 087 127 W LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W 05/08 088 130 X LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X 05/09 089 131 Y LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y 05/10 090 132 Z LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z 05/11 091 133 [ LEFT SQUARE BRACKET 05/12 092 134 \ REVERSE SOLIDUS (U.S.: BACK SLASH) 05/13 093 135 1 RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET 05/14 094 136 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 05/15 095 137 _ LOW LINE (U.S.: UNDERSCORE) 06/00 096 140 • GRAVE ACCENT 06/01 097 141 a LATIN SMALL LETTER a 06/02 098 142 b LATIN SMALL LETTER b 06/03 099 143 c LATIN SMALL LETTER c 06/04 100 144 d LATIN SMALL LETTER d 06/05 101 145 e LATIN SMALL LETTER e 06/06 102 146 f LATIN SMALL LETTER f 06/07 103 147 g LATIN SMALL LETTER g 06/08 104 150 h LATIN SMALL LETTER h 06/09 105 151 i LATIN SMALL LETTER i 06/10 106 152 j LATIN SMALL LETTER j 06/11 107 153 k LATIN SMALL LETTER k 06/12 108 154 1 LATIN SMALL LETTER 1 06/13 109 155 m LATIN SMALL LETTER m 06/14 110 156 n LATIN SMALL LETTER n 06/15 111 157 0 LATIN SMALL LETTER o Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 5 October 1989 1809 ISO_8859_l ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ISO_8859_l (7) ISO Latin 1 (continued) Row/Col Decimal Octal Name 07/00 112 160 P LATIN SMALL LETTER p 07/01 113 161 q LATIN SMALL LETTER q 07/02 114 162 r LATIN SMALL LETTER r 07/03 115 163 s LATIN SMALL LETTER s 07/04 116 164 t LATIN SMALL LETTER t 07/05 117 165 u LATIN SMALL LETTER u 07/06 118 166 V LATIN SMALL LETTER v 07/07 119 167 w LATIN SMALL LETTER w 07/08 120 170 X LATIN SMALL LETTER x 07/09 121 171 y LATIN SMALL LETTER y 07/10 122 172 Z LATIN SMALL LETTER z 07/11 123 173 { LEFT CURLY BRACKET 07/12 124 174 1 VERTICAL LINE 07/13 125 175 } RIGHT CURLY BRACKET 07/14 126 176 TILDE 10/00 160 240 NO-BREAK SPACE 10/01 161 241 INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK 10/02 162 242 CENT SIGN 10/03 163 243 POUND SIGN 10/04 164 244 CURRENCY SIGN 10/05 165 245 YEN SIGN 10/06 166 246 BROKEN BAR 10/07 167 247 PARAGRAPH SIGN, (U.S.: SECTION SIGN) 10/08 168 250 DIAERESIS 10/09 169 251 COPYRIGHT SIGN 10/10 170 252 FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR 10/11 171 253 LEFT ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 10/12 172 254 NOT SIGN 10/13 173 255 SHY SOFT HYPHEN 10/14 174 256 REGISTERED TRADEMARK SIGN 10/15 175 257 MACRON 11/00 176 260 RING ABOVE, DEGREE SIGN 11/01 177 261 PLUS-MINUS SIGN 11/02 178 262 SUPERSCRIPT TWO 11/03 179 263 SUPERSCRIPT THREE 11/04 180 264 ACUTE ACCENT 11/05 181 265 MICRO SIGN 11/06 182 266 PILCROW SIGN, (U.S.: PARAGRAPH) 11/07 183 267 MIDDLE DOT 11/08 184 270 CEDILLA 11/09 185 271 SUPERSCRIPT ONE 11/10 186 272 MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR 11/11 187 273 RIGHT ANGLE QUOTATION MARK 11/12 188 274 VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER 11/13 189 275 VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF 11/14 190 276 VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS 11/15 191 277 INVERTED QUESTION MARK 1810 Last change: 5 October 1989 Sun Release 4.1 ISO_8859_l (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ISO_8859_l (7) ISO Latin 1 (continued) Row/Col Decimal Octal Name 12/00 192 300 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE ACCENT 12/01 193 301 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT 12/02 194 302 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 12/03 195 303 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE 12/04 196 304 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 12/05 197 305 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE 12/06 198 306 CAPITAL DIPHTHONG AE 12/07 199 307 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 12/08 200 310 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE ACCENT 12/09 201 311 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE ACCENT 12/10 202 312 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 12/11 203 313 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 12/12 204 314 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE ACCENT 12/13 205 315 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE ACCENT 12/14 206 316 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 12/15 207 317 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 13/00 208 320 CAPITAL ICELANDIC LETTER ETH 13/01 209 321 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE 13/02 210 322 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE ACCENT 13/03 211 323 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE ACCENT 13/04 212 324 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 13/05 213 325 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE 13/06 214 326 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 13/07 215 327 MULTIPLICATION SIGN 13/08 216 330 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OBLIQUE STROKE 13/09 217 331 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE ACCENT 13/10 218 332 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE ACCENT 13/11 219 333 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 13/12 220 334 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 13/13 221 335 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE ACCENT 13/14 222 336 CAPITAL ICELANDIC LETTER THORN 13/15 223 337 SMALL GERMAN LETTER SHARP s 14/00 224 340 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH GRAVE ACCENT 14/01 225 341 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH ACUTE ACCENT 14/02 226 342 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 14/03 227 343 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH TIT .OF. 14/04 228 344 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH DIAERESIS 14/05 229 345 LATIN SMALL LETTER a WITH RING ABOVE 14/06 230 346 SMALL DIPHTHONG ae 14/07 231 347 LATIN SMALL LETTER c WITH CEDILLA 14/08 232 350 LATIN SMALL LETTER e WITH GRAVE ACCENT 14/09 233 351 LATIN SMALL LETTER e WITH ACUTE ACCENT 14/10 234 352 LATIN SMALL LETTER e WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 14/11 235 353 LATIN SMALL LETTER e WITH DIAERESIS 14/12 236 354 LATIN SMALL LETTER i WITH GRAVE ACCENT 14/13 237 355 LATIN SMALL LETTER i WITH ACUTE ACCENT 14/14 238 356 LATIN SMALL LETTER i WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 14/15 239 357 LATIN SMALL LETTER i WITH DIAERESIS Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 5 October 1989 1811 ISO_8859_l ( 7 ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ISO_8859_l ( 7 ) ISO Latin 1 (continued) Row/Col Decimal Octal Name 15/00 240 360 SMALL ICELANDIC LETTER ETH 15/01 241 361 LATIN SMALL LETTER n WITH TILDE 15/02 242 362 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH GRAVE ACCENT 15/03 243 363 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH ACUTE ACCENT 15/04 244 364 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 15/05 245 365 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH TILDE 15/06 246 366 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH DIAERESIS 15/07 247 367 DIVISION SIGN 15/08 248 370 LATIN SMALL LETTER o WITH OBLIQUE STROKE 15/09 249 371 LATIN SMALL LETTER u WITH GRAVE ACCENT 15/10 250 372 LATIN SMALL LETTER u WITH ACUTE ACCENT 15/11 251 373 LATIN SMALL LETTER u WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT 15/12 252 374 LATIN SMALL LETTER u WITH DIAERESIS 15/13 253 375 LATIN SMALL LETTER y WITH ACUTE ACCENT 15/14 254 376 SMALL ICELANDIC LETTER THORN 15/15 255 377 LATIN SMALL LETTER y WITH DIAERESIS SEE ALSO setlocale(3V) 1812 Last change: 5 October 1989 Sun Release 4.1 MAN (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MAN (7) NAME man - macros to format Reference Manual pages SYNOPSIS nroff -man filename . . . troff -man filename . . . DESCRIPTION These macros are used to lay out the reference pages in this manual. Note: if filename contains format input for a preprocessor, the commands shown above must be piped through the appropriate preprocessor. This is handled automatically by man(l). See Conventions. Any text argument / may be zero to six words. Quotes may be used to include SPACE characters in a “word”. If text is empty, the special treatment is applied to the next input line with text to be printed. In this way .1 may be used to italicize a whole line, or .SB may be used to make small bold letters. A prevailing indent distance is remembered between successive indented paragraphs, and is reset to default value upon reaching a non-indented paragraph. Default units for indents i are ens. Type font and size are reset to default values before each paragraph, and after processing font and size set- ting macros. These strings are predefined by -man: \*R ‘®’, ‘(Reg)’ in nroff. VS Change to default type size. Requests Request Cause Break If no Argument Explanation .B t no Z=n.t.l.* Text is in bold font. .Bit no z=n.Ll. Join words, alternating bold and italic. .BR t no /=n.U. Join words, alternating bold and roman. .DT no .5i li... Restore default tabs. .HP i yes z'=p.i.* Begin paragraph with hanging indent. Set prevailing indent to i. .It no /=n.t.l. Text is italic. .IB/ no /=n.t.l. Join words, alternating italic and bold. IV xi yes x=”" Same as .TP with tag x. JR/ no Z=n.t.l. Join words, alternating italic and roman. .IX/ no - Index macro, for Sun internal use. .LP yes - Begin left-aligned paragraph. Set prevailing indent to .5i. .PD d no d=A\ Set vertical distance between paragraphs. .PP yes - Same as .LP. .RE yes - End of relative indent. Restores prevailing indent. .RB / no Z=n.t.l. Join words, alternating roman and bold. .RI / no Z=n.t.l. Join words, alternating roman and italic. .RS i yes /=p.i. Start relative indent, increase indent by /'. Sets prevailing indent to ,5i for nested indents. .SB / no - Reduce size of text by 1 point, make text boldface. .SHz yes - Section Heading. .SM/ no z=n.t.l. Reduce size of text by 1 point. .SS / yes z=n.t.l. Section Subheading. Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 24 November 1987 1813 MAN (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MAN (7) .TH nsdfm yes Begin reference page n, of section s\ d is the date of the most recent change. If present, / is the left page footer; m is the main page (center) header. Sets prevailing indent and tabs to .5i. .TP i yes i=p.i. Begin indented paragraph, with the tag given on the next text line. Set prevailing indent to i. .TX tp no Resolve the title abbreviation t; join to punctuation mark (or text) p. * Conventions n.t.l. = next text line; p.i. = prevailing indent When formatting a manual page, man examines the first line to determine whether it requires special pro- cessing. For example a first line consisting of: , v . t indicates that the manual page must be run through the tbl(l) preprocessor. A typical manual page for a SunOS command or function is laid out as follows: .TH TITLE [1-8] The name of the command or function in upper-case, which serves as the title of the manual page. This is followed by the number of the section in which it appears. .SH NAME The name, or list of names, by which the command is called, followed by a dash and then a one-line summary of the action performed. All in roman font, this section contains no troff(l) commands or escapes, and no macro requests. It is used to generate the whatis(l) database. .SH SYNOPSIS Commands: The syntax of the command and its arguments, as typed on the command line. When in boldface, a word must be typed exactly as printed. When in italics, a word can be replaced with an argument that you supply. References to bold or italicized items are not capitalized in other sections, even when they begin a sentence. Syntactic symbols appear in roman face: [ ] An argument, when surrounded by brackets is optional. | Arguments separated by a vertical bar are exclusive. You can supply only one item from such a list. . . . Arguments followed by an ellipsis can be repeated. When an ellipsis follows a bracketed set, the expression within the brackets can be repeated. Functions: If required, the data declaration, or #include directive, is shown first, followed by the function declaration. Otherwise, the function declaration is shown. .SH DESCRIPTION A narrative overview of the command or function’s external behavior. This includes how it interacts with files or data, and how it handles the standard input, standard output and standard error. Internals and implementation details are normally omitted. This section attempts to provide a succinct overview in answer to the question, “what does it do?” Literal text from the synopsis appears in boldface, as do literal filenames and references to items that appear elsewhere in the SunOS Reference Manual. Arguments are italicized. If a command interprets either subcommands or an input grammar, its command interface or input grammar is normally described in a USAGE section, which follows the OPTIONS section. The DESCRIPTION section only describes the behavior of the command itself, not that of subcom- mands. 1814 Last change: 24 November 1987 Sun Release 4.1 MAN(7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MAN (7) .SH OPTIONS The list of options along with a description of how each affects the command’s operation. .SH FILES A list of files associated with the command or function. .SH SEE ALSO A comma-separated list of related manual pages, followed by references to other published materials. .SH DIAGNOSTICS A list of diagnostic messages and an explanation of each. .SH BUGS A description of limitations, known defects, and possible problems associated with the command or function. FILES /usr/share/lib/tmac/tmac.an SEE ALSO man(l), nroff(l), troff(l), whatis(l) Formatting Documents. Sun Release 4. 1 Last change: 24 November 1987 1815 ME(7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ME (7) NAME me — macros for formatting papers SYNOPSIS nroff -me [ options ] file ... troff -me [ options ] file ... DESCRIPTION This package of nroff and troff macro definitions provides a canned formatting facility for technical papers in various formats. When producing 2-column output on a terminal, filter the output through co/(l). The macro requests are defined below. Many nroff and troff requests are unsafe in conjunction with this package, however, these requests may be used with impunity after the first .pp: .bp begin new page .br break output line here .sp n insert n spacing lines .Is n (line spacing) n=l single, n=2 double space .na no alignment of right margin .ce n center next n lines .ul n underline next n lines .sz +n add n to point size Output of the eqn, neqn, refer, and tbl(l) preprocessors for equations and tables is acceptable as input. REQUESTS In the following list, “initialization” refers to the first .pp, .lp, .ip, .np, .sh, or .uh macro. This list is incomplete. Request Initial Cause Explanation Value Break •(c - yes Begin centered block .(d - no Begin delayed text •(f - no Begin footnote .(1 - yes Begin list •(q - yes Begin major quote .(xx - no Begin indexed item in index x .(z - no Begin floating keep •)c - yes End centered block •)d - yes End delayed text •)f - yes End footnote •)1 - yes End list •)q - yes End major quote •)x - yes End index item .)z - yes End floating keep .++ m H no Define paper section, m defines the part of the paper, and can be C (chapter), A (appendix), P (preliminary, for instance, abstract, table of contents, etc.), B (bibliography), RC (chapters renumbered from page one each chapter), or RA (appendix renumbered from page one). .+c T - yes Begin chapter (or appendix, etc., as set by .++). T is the chapter title. .lc 1 yes One column format on a new page. .2c 1 yes Two column format. .EN - yes Space after equation produced by eqn or meqn. .EQxy yes Precede equation; break out and add space. Equation number is y. The optional argument x may be I to indent equation (default), L to left-adjust the equation, or C to center the equation. .GE - yes End gremlin picture. .GS - yes Begin gremlin picture. 1816 Last change: 19 December 1989 Sun Release 4.1 ME(7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS ME (7) .PE yes End pic picture. .PS - yes Begin pic picture. .TE - yes End table. .TH - yes End heading section of table. .7Sx - yes Begin table; if x is H table has repeated heading. .ac A N " no Set up for ACM style output. A is the Author’s name(s), N is the total number of pages. Must be given before the first initialization. .b x no no Print x in boldface; if no argument switch to boldface. .ba +n 0 yes Augments the base indent by n. This indent is used to set the indent on regular text (like paragraphs). .be no yes Begin new column .bi x no no Print x in bold italics (nofill only) .bu - yes Begin bulleted paragraph .bxx no no Print x in a box (nofill only). .ef 'x'y'z no Set even footer to x y z .eh ' x'y'z no Set even header to x y z .fo 'x'y'z ***** no Set footer to x y z .hx - no Suppress headers and footers on next page. .he 'x'y'z ***** no Set header to x y z .hi - yes Draw a horizontal line Xx no no Italicize x; if x missing, italic text follows. •ip xy no yes Start indented paragraph, with hanging tag x. Indentation is y ens (default 5). •ip yes yes Start left-blocked paragraph. .lo - no Read in a file of local macros of the form ,*x. Must be given before initialization. .np 1 yes Start numbered paragraph. .of 'x'y'z no Set odd footer to x y z .oh 'x'y'z ***** no Set odd header to x y z .pd - yes Print delayed text. •PP no yes Begin paragraph. First line indented. .r yes no Roman text follows. .re - no Reset tabs to default values. .sc no no Read in a file of special characters and diacritical marks. Must be given before initialization. .sh nx - yes Section head follows, font automatically bold, n is level of section, x is title of section. .sk no no Leave the next page blank. Only one page is remembered ahead. .smx- no Set x in a smaller pointsize. .sz +n lOp no Augment the point size by n points. .th no no Produce the paper in thesis format. Must be given before initialization. .tp no yes Begin title page. MX - no Underline argument (even in troff). (Nofill only). .uh - yes Like .sh but unnumbered. .xpx - no Print index x. FILES /usr/share/lib/tmac/tmac.e /usr/share/lib/me/* SEE ALSO eqn(l), nroff(l), troff(l), refer(l), tbl(l) Formatting Documents Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 19 December 1989 1817 MS (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MS (7) NAME ms - text formatting macros SYNOPSIS nroff -ms [ options ] filename . . . troff -ms [ options ] filename . . . DESCRIPTION This package of nroff(l) and troff(l) macro definitions provides a formatting facility for various styles of articles, theses, and books. When producing 2-column output on a terminal or lineprinter, or when reverse line motions are needed, filter the output through col(lV). All external -ms macros are defined below. Note: this -ms macro package is an extended version written at Berkeley and is a superset of the standard -ms macro packages as supplied by Bell Labs. Some of the Bell Labs macros have been removed; for instance, it is assumed that the user has little interest in producing headers stating that the memo was generated at Whippany Labs. Many nroff and troff requests are unsafe in conjunction with this package. However, the first four requests below may be used with impunity after initialization, and the last two may be used even before initialization: .bp begin new page .br break output line .sp n insert n spacing lines .ce n center next n lines .Is n line spacing: n - 1 single, n = 2 double space .na no alignment of right margin Font and point size changes with \f and \s are also allowed; for example, \fIword\fR will italicize word. Output of the tbl(l), eqn(l) and refer(l) preprocessors for equations, tables, and references is acceptable as input. REQUESTS Macro Initial Break? Explanation Name Value Reset? .AB x - y begin abstract; if x-no do not label abstract .AE - y end abstract .AI - y author’s institution .AM - n better accent mark definitions .AU - y author’s name .B x - n embolden x\ if no x, switch to boldface - y begin text to be enclosed in a box .B2 - y end boxed text and print it .BT date n bottom title, printed at foot of page .BX x - n print word x in a box .CM if t n cut mark between pages .CT - y.y chapter tide: page number moved to CF (TM only) •DA* if n n force date x at bottom of page; today if no x .DE - y end display (unfilled text) of any kind .DSxy I y begin display with keep; jc=I, L, C, B; y=indent .ID y 8n,.5i y indented display with no keep; y=indent .LD - y left display with no keep .CD - y centered display with no keep .BD - y block display; center entire block .EF x - n even page footer x (3 part as for .tl) •EH x - n even page header x (3 part as for .tl) .EN - y end displayed equadon produced by eqn 1818 Last change: 16 February 1988 Sun Release 4.1 MS (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MS (7) .EQxy - y break out equation; x=L,I,C; ^equation number .FE - n end footnote to be placed at bottom of page .FP - n numbered footnote paragraph; may be redefined .FS x - n start footnote; x is optional footnote label .HD undef n optional page header below header margin lx - n italicize x; if no x, switch to italics JP xy - y.y indented paragraph, with hanging tag x; y=indent IXxy - y index words x y and so on (up to 5 levels) .KE - n end keep of any kind .KF - n begin floating keep; text fills remainder of page .KS - y begin keep; unit kept together on a single page .LG - n larger; increase point size by 2 .LP - y.y left (block) paragraph. .MC x - y.y multiple columns; x=column width .ND x if t n no date in page footer; x is date on cover .NHxy - y.y numbered header; x=level, x=0 resets, x=S sets to y .NL lOp n set point size back to normal .OF x - n odd page footer x (3 part as for .tl) •OH x - n odd page header x (3 part as for .tl) .PI if TM n print header on first page .PP - y.y paragraph with first line indented .PT - - n page title, printed at head of page .PXx - y print index (table of contents); x=no suppresses title •QP - y.y quote paragraph (indented and shorter) .R on n return to Roman font .RE 5n y.y retreat: end level of relative indentation .RPx - n released paper format; x=no stops title on first page .RS 5n y.y right shift: start level of relative indentation .SH - y.y section header, in boldface .SM - n smaller; decrease point size by 2 .TA 8n,5n n set TAB characters to 8n 16n . . . (nroff) 5n lOn . . . (troff) .TC x - y print table of contents at end; x=no suppresses title .TE - y end of table processed by tbl .TH - y end multi-page header of table .TL - y title in boldface and two points larger .TM off n UC Berkeley thesis mode .TS x - y.y begin table; if x=H table has multi-page header •UL x - n underline x, even in troff AJXx - n UNIX; trademark message first time; x appended .XA xy - y another index entry; x=page or no for none; y=indent .XE - y end index entry (or series of .IX entries) .XP - y.y paragraph with first line exdented, others indented .XSxy - y begin index entry; x=page or no for none; y=indent .1C on y.y one column format, on a new page .2C - y.y begin two column format •]- - n beginning of refer reference .[0 - n end of unclassifiable type of reference .[N REGISTERS n N= Ljoumal-article, 2:book, 3:book-article, 4:report Formatting distances can be controlled in -ms by means of built-in number registers. For example, this sets the line length to 6.5 inches: .nr LL 6.5i Sun Release 4. 1 Last change: 16 February 1988 1819 MS (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS MS (7) Here is a table of number registers and their default values: Name Register Controls Takes Effect Default PS point size paragraph 10 VS vertical spacing paragraph 12 LL line length paragraph 6i LT title length next page same as LL FL footnote length next .FS 5.5i PD paragraph distance paragraph lv (if n), ,3v (if t) DD display distance displays lv (if n), ,5v (if t) PI paragraph indent paragraph 5n QI quote indent next .QP 5n FI footnote indent next .FS 2n PO page offset next page 0 (if n), ~li (if t) HM header margin next page li FM footer margin next page li FF footnote format next .FS 0 (1, 2, 3 available) When resetting these values, make sure to specify the appropriate units. Setting the line length to 7, for example, will result in output with one character per line. Setting FF to 1 suppresses footnote superscripting; setting it to 2 also suppresses indentation of the first line; and setting it to 3 produces an .IP-like footnote paragraph. Here is a list of string registers available in -ms; they may be used anywhere in the text: Name String’s Function \*Q quote (" in nr off, “ in troff ) \*U unquote (" in nr off, ” in troff ) \*- dash (-- in nroff, — in troff ) \*(MO month (month of the year) \*(DY day (current date) automatically numbered footnote \*' acute accent (before letter) \*' grave accent (before letter) \*. circumflex (before letter) Vs cedilla (before letter) \*: umlaut (before letter) \*. tilde (before letter) When using the extended accent mark definitions available with .AM, these strings should come after, rather than before, the letter to be accented. FILES /usr/share/lib/tmac/tmac.s /usr/share/lib/ms/ms.??? SEE ALSO col(lV), eqn(l), nroff(l), refer(l), tbl(l), troff(l) Formatting Documents BUGS Floating keeps and regular keeps are diverted to the same space, so they cannot be mixed together with predictable results. 1820 Last change: 16 February 1988 Sun Release 4.1 POSIX ( 7 V ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS POSIX (7V) NAME posix - overview of the IEEE Std 1003.1-1988 (POSIX.l) environment SYNOPSIS /usr/5bin/lint -n -lposix posix_src.c AVAILABILITY This environment is available with the System V software installation option. Refer to Installing SunOS 4.1 for information on how to install optional software. DESCRIPTION POSIX.l is a set of functions and headers. The SunOS Release 4.1 implementation of POSIX.l is a superset — it includes all of the functionality described in the IEEE standard as well as most of the SunOS functionality. See the sunos(7) man page for a description of SunOS functionality. All man pages that are associated with POSIX.l are marked by a “V” after the section number. Not all “V” pages, however, are POSIX.l. Some “V” pages may be part of other System V based environments such as X/Open. If a user desires to work in a POSIX.l (or System V) environment, the user should set the path variable to include /usr/5bin before anything else. The typical path is PATH=/usr/5bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb. LINT As a portability aid, Sun is providing a lint library that consists exclusively of POSIX.l functions. Users may lint their code with the -n -lposix options to catch all non-POSIX.l features. POSIX.l is primarily an operating system interface. POSIX.l also specifies a subset of the functions defined by ANSI C. These are included in the posix lint library. Because of the additional functionality provided by ANSI C, Sun will also be providing an ANSI C (based on the December 7, 1988 draft) lint library. A portable application may want to lint with -n -lposix -lansic for the most complete coverage of functions. POSIX.l as with most other environments, continues to evolve. The -lposix lint library will always refer to the most recent standard supported by Sun. Some applications may wish to port to a particular version of the standard; they may safely use the more specific name of -Iposixl-88 (currently the same as -lposix). Certain functions defined in the posix lint library are not available in the C library. In particular, math functions are made available only when the -lm option is added to cc(lV) or ld(l) commands. FILES /usr/5bin/* POSIX.l and System V specific executables /usr/5include/* POSIX.l and System V specific headers /usr/51ib/* POSIX.l and System V specific library files SEE ALSO lint(lV), ansic(7V), bsd(7), sunos(7), svidii(7V), svidiii(7V), xopen(7V) IEEE Std 1003.1-1988 Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 30 September 1989 1821 SUNOS (7) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS SUNOS (7) NAME sunos, SunOS - overview of the SunOS Release 4.1 environment SYNOPSIS lint sunos_src.c DESCRIPTION The SunOS Release 4.1 lint library is a superset of the 4.3 BSD lint library. It includes all of the 4.3 BSD functionality, most of System V release 3.2 functionality, as well as extensive additional functionality in the networking and file system areas. It is important to note that the default environment in SunOS Release 4.1 provides BSD 4.3 compatibility. Sun also provides a System V compatible environment (see svidii(7V)). Note that many man pages are marked with a “V” after the section number, indicating some sort of System V compliance. SunOS functions are also documented on these man pages, as well as on man pages without the “V” section suffix. By default, the user will get the SunOS environment. No path modifications should be necessary. The typ- ical path is set path = ( /bin /usr/bin /usr/ucb ) FILES /usr/bin/* /usr/ucb/* /usr/include/* /usr/lib/* SEE ALSO lint(lV), ansic(7V), bsd(7), posix(7V), svidii(7V), svidiii(7V), xopen(7V) SunOS executables BSD derived executables SunOS specific header files SunOS specific library files 1822 Last change: 30 September 1989 Sun Release 4.1 S VIDII ( 7 V ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS S VIDII ( 7V ) NAME svidii - overview of the System V environment SYNOPSIS /usr/5bin/lint -n -Isvidii sys5_src.c AVAILABILITY This command is available with the System V software installation option. Refer to Installing SunOS 4.1 for information on how to install optional software. DESCRIPTION SVID n is a set of functions and header files. The SunOS Release 4.1 implementation of SVID n is a super- set — it includes all of the functionality described in the SVID issue 2 documents as well as most of the SunOS functionality. See the sunos(7) man page for a description of SunOS functionality. All man pages that are associated with SVID n are marked by a “V” after the section number. Not all “V” pages are SVID n, however. Some “V” pages may be part of other System V based environments such as X/Open. If a user desires to work in a SVID n environment, the user should set the path variable to include /usr/xpg2bin and /usr/5bin before anything else. The typical path is: set path=( /usr/xpg2bin /usr/5bin /bin /usr/bin /usr/ucb ) As a portability aid. Sun is providing two lint libraries that consist exclusively of SVID n functions as defined in the SVID issue 2. Users may lint their code with the -n -Isvidii options to catch all features that are not found in SVID issue 2, all volumes. Using lint with the -n -lsvidii-3 options is just like -n -Isvidii except that it does not include volume 3 (which contains new directory reading routines and new signal functions that appeared in System V release 3.2). FILES /usr/5bin/* System V specific executables /usr/5include/* System V specific header files /usr/51ib/* System V specific library files SEE ALSO lint(lV), ansic(7V), bsd(7), posix(7V), sunos(7), svidiii(7V), xopen(7V) Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 30 September 1989 1823 S VIDIII ( 7V ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS SVIDIII(7V) NAME svidiii - SVIDIII lint library SYNOPSIS /usr/5bin/lint -n -Isvidiii svidiii _src.c AVAILABILITY This environment is not fully tested under SunOS Release 4.1 as there is no test suite available. The environment that is believed to closely approximate a SVIDIII environment is the System V environment. The System V environment is available with the System V software installation option. Refer to Installing SunOS 4.1 for information on how to install optional software. DESCRIPTION SVIDm is a future environment that Sun intends to support. SunOS Release 4.1 does not currently fully support SVIDm applications. It does support many of the functions described by the SVIDm document. This man page does not imply that the functions supported by SunOS Release 4.1 and the functions described by the SVIDIII document perform identically. The SVIDm lint library is intended solely as a port- ing aid. The SVIDm lint library consists exclusively of SVIDIII functions. Users may lint their code with the -n -Isvidiii options to catch all non-SVIDIH features. FILES /usr/51ib/lint/llib-lsvidiii* SVIDm C lint library SEE ALSO lint(lV), ansic(7V), bsd(7), posix(7V), sunos(7), svidii(7V), xopen(7V) 1824 Last change: 30 September 1989 Sun Release 4.1 XOPEN ( 7 V ) ENVIRONMENTS, TABLES, AND TROFF MACROS XOPEN (7V) NAME xopen - overview of the X/Open Portability Guide Issue 2 (X/Open) environment SYNOPSIS /usr/5bin/Iint -n -lxopen xopen_src.c AVAILABILITY This command is available with the System V software installation option. Refer to Installing SunOS 4.1 for information on how to install optional software. DESCRIPTION X/Open is a set of functions and header files. The SunOS Release 4.1 implementation of X/Open is a superset — it includes all of the functionality described in the /usr/group Standard 1984 — as well as much of the System V functionality, and much of the SunOS functionality. All man pages that are associated with X/Open are marked by a “V” after the section number. Not all “V” pages are X/Open, however. Some “V” pages may be part of other System V based environments such as POSIX.l. If a user desires to work in a X/Open (or System V) environment, the user should set the path variable to include /usr/xpg2bin and /usr/5bin before anything else. The typical path is: set path=( /usr/xpg2bin /usr/5bin /bin /usr/bin /usr/ucb ) As a portability aid, Sun is providing a lint library that consists exclusively of X/Open functions. Users may lint their code with the -n -lxopen options to catch all non-X/Open features. X/Open, as with most other environments, continues to evolve. The -lxopen lint library will always refer to the most recent document supported by Sun. Some applications may wish to port to a particular version of the environment; they may safely use the more specific name of -btpg2 (currently the same as -lxopen). FILES /usr/xpg2bin/* X/Open specific executables /usr/xpg2include/* X/Open specific header files /usr/5include/* System V specific header files /usr/xpg21ib/* X/Open specific library files /usr/51ib/* System V specific library files SEE ALSO Hnt(lV), ansic(7V), bsd(7), posix(7V), sunos(7), svidii(7V), svidiii(7V) Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 30 September 1989 1825