%----------------------------------------------------------------------------
% ----- File:        xglyph.tex 
% ----- Author:      Rainer Menzner (rmz@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de)
% ----- Date:        1999-08-31
% ----- Description: This file is part of the t1lib-documentation.
% ----- Copyright:   t1lib is copyrighted (c) Rainer Menzner, 1996-1999. 
%                    As of version 0.5, t1lib is distributed under the
%                    GNU General Public Library License. The
%                    conditions can be found in the files LICENSE and
%                    LGPL, which should reside in the toplevel
%                    directory of the distribution.  Please note that 
%                    there are parts of t1lib that are subject to
%                    other licenses:
%                    The parseAFM-package is copyrighted by Adobe Systems
%                    Inc.
%                    The type1 rasterizer is copyrighted by IBM and the
%                    X11-consortium.
% ----- Warranties:  Of course, there's NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND :-)
% ----- Credits:     I want to thank IBM and the X11-consortium for making
%                    their rasterizer freely available.
%                    Also thanks to Piet Tutelaers for his ps2pk, from
%                    which I took the rasterizer sources in a format
%                    independent from X11.
%                    Thanks to all people who make free software living!
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

\newpage
\section{The Program {\ttfamily xglyph}}
\label{xglyph}%
\verb+xglyph+ is a tool which makes most of the functionality of 
\tonelib\ visible to the user without the need of having to write an
own program and without the need of having to understand most of the
library 
before. This program---as the name indicates---needs X11. It is thus only
build if X11 is installed on the target system and if  X11 support has not
explicitly been disabled. All
necessary resources are set internally to default values so that the
program can be run out of the box without any installation. 

In case the user did not already create a custom configuration file and an
associated font database file, the program should be started from the
subdirectory \verb+xglyph+ of the distribution. When starting, \verb+xglyph+
checks for the environment entry \verb+T1LIB_CONFIG+ and if it does not exist
it adds the association \verb+T1LIB_CONFIG=./t1lib.config+ to the
environment. In other words it expects a valid configuration file in the
current directory.

There are several widgets which may be categorized into 5 types.

\subsection{Common Parameter Dialogs and Toggle Buttons}
These buttons modify the internal state of the program by setting some global
variables. These variables affect the execution of all rastering functions in
contrast to the buttons described in the next subsection which only take
influence on the X11 rastering functions. When changing
one of the following parameters nothing seems to happen at first. All
actions are deferred to the time when an action button is
clicked. Here is a list of the dialogs and toggles:
\begin{itemize}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries FontID}}\\
  This dialog allows to specify the font ID that will be used when
  the next action takes place. The allowed IDs range from 0 to $n-1$,
  where $n$ is the number of fonts declared in the font database
  file. If using the default configuration file together with the
  default font database file, 8 fonts are declared. If an invalid ID
  is specified, the next action generates an error message.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Font-Size}}\\
  Here, the size of the font is specified. The value is interpreted in
  bigpoints, the default PostScript unit. If the size specified is
  invalid, an appropriate error message is generated at the time of
  the next action.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Slant-Factor}}\\
  A slant factor $s$ may be specified. It is interpreted the following
  way. A point described by the coordinate-pair $(x,y)$ is transformed
  to the point with the coordinates $(x+sy,y)$. For instance,
  specifying a slant factor $s=1$ will generate a font slanted by
  $45^\circ$. Since version 0.3-beta slanted are nearly fully supported.
  For a discussion of the remaining problems see
  \ref{transformations} on page
  \pageref{transformations}. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Extension-Factor}}\\
  Horizontal extension of a font may be realized using this
  dialog. The default value is 1 which means the characters are
  presented at their natural width. Specification of an invalid value
  will generate an error message at the time of the next action.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Transformation-Matrix}}\\
  This dialog gives complete Control over the transformation matrix that will
  be used in consequent rasterizations. The values have to be specified
  separated by commas. A specified rotation is still applied after this
  matrix.  
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Resolution}}\\
  The resolution of the output device (screen) may be specified in
  this dialog. Using the default value of 72 dpi means one bp in size
  corresponds to exactly one device pixel. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Encoding-File}}\\
  The name of an encoding file may be specified. Included in the
  distribution is only one file, \verb+IsoLatin1.enc+. It contains the
  standard X11 encoding in a format acceptable by \tonelib. If no name
  is given here, or the file with the name given here cannot not be
  parsed as an encoding file, the encoding is switched back to the fonts
  internal encoding. Again, this is done at the time of the next
  action. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Angle}}\\
  The angle at which the next character or string is rastered is
  specified here. There are no restrictions concerning the angle. Rotation is
  applied after setting the transformation matrix (see above).
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Space-Off}}\\
  The value specified here represents an offset added to the
  spacewidth when rastering the next string. For this, it is
  interpreted in PostScript charspace units and thus subject to
  scaling. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Character}}\\
  A number between 0 and 255 inclusive should be specified here. It is
  used as the index into the current encoding vector when rasterizing
  a character. This gives the user access to all currently encoded
  characters, regardless of the current X11 keyboard mapping. If an
  index is given whose encoding entry would produce no black pixels,
  an error message is generated at the next character-rastering
  time. The default value is 65, which corresponds 
  to the character ``A'' in most encoding vectors.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Test-String}}\\
  In this dialog, a complete string may be specified. It will be
  rastered when the next string-rastering button is pressed. It can be
  of arbitrary length (well, almost). If this field is left empty, the
  standard string ``Test'' will be used for rastering.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Kerning}}\\
  This is a toggle button. Its state determines whether pairwise
  kerning information from the AFM file will be used to correct the
  horizontal spacing during string rastering or not. A typical example
  is the word ``Test''; enabling kerning should---at least in
  fonts of good quality---move the ``T'' and the ``e'' significantly
  closer together.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Ligature}}\\
  This is a toggle button. Its state specifies whether the
  string is checked for ligatures prior to rastering it. 
  Suitable character sequences are replaced with the corresponding
  ligature. For a good example, you should switch to
  font ID 4 and type in the string \verb+--difficult---+. If ligature
  detection is switched on, the two hyphens should be converted to an
  en-dash ``--'', the three hyphens should be converted to an em-dash
  ``---'' and the character series ``\verb+ffi+'' should be replaced
  with the ligature ``ffi'', rather than to be displayed as ``f{}f{}i''.
\item \fbox{$|\longrightarrow$} / \fbox{$\longleftarrow|$}  This button allows
  to change the writing direction that \tonelib\ will use in subsequent calls
  to the string rastering functions, the default being {\em Left To Right} as
  used in most European languages. This item is simply meant to demonstrate the
  capabilities of \tonelib. The package does not come with fonts that are
  intended to be used for {\em Right To Left} typesetting.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Underline}}\\
  This toggle button determines whether strings are underlined or not. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Overline}}\\
  Same as above for overlining.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Overstrike}}\\
  Same as above for overstriking.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries AA-Low}}/\fbox{{\bfseries AA-High}}\\
  This button allows to select the subsampling factor for antialiasing in
  subsequent rastering operations. {\em AA-Low} means subsampling by factor 2
  which gives 5 gray values including black and white, whereas {\em AA-High}
  means subsampling by 4 which yields 17 gray values including black and
  white.  
\end{itemize}
Notice that, aside from the latter, the toggle buttons only affect the string
rastering functions.  

\subsection{Buttons that Influence the X11 Rastering Functions}
The X11 rastering functions introduced in version 0.3-beta provide a
considerably higher level of abstraction than the standard rastering
functions. To show the effect in \verb+xglyph+, a few additional buttons are
provided.  
\begin{itemize}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Transparent}}/\fbox{{\bfseries Opaque}}\\ 
  This button allows to switch between transparent and opaque mode in the X11
  rastering functions. In transparent mode, only non-background pixels are
  drawn and all other pixels are left untouched. In opaque mode the entire
  area that the bitmap will require is first filled with the background color
  and then the bitmap is placed on this area.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Foreground}}\\
  This is a label field with six color fields to the right and one color field
  to the left. Clicking on one of the color fields located on the right side
  will set the foreground color to the respective value (white, black, gray,
  red, green or blue). The color field on the left side always shows the
  current color selection. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Background}}\\
  This also is a label field with six color fields to the right and one color
  field to the left. It works in analogy to the above and sets the current
  background color. Note that in order make the background color active, the
  drawing mode must be set to ``opaque''.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Buttons that Generate Actions}
There are 10 buttons generating actions visible to the user. 
\begin{itemize}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Char}}\\
  This button generates a bitmap of the character specified in the
  \fbox{{\bfseries Character}}-dialog box. All parameters changed
  earlier become effective at this time. The resulting bitmap is then
  shown in the output window of \verb+xglyph+. Some information about
  the generated bitmap and elapsed 
  time etc.\ is given in the message window. If an error occurred,
  the old contents of the output window are kept and a message is given
  to the user. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries String}}\\
  This button generates a bitmap of the string specified in the
  \fbox{{\bfseries Test-String}}-dialog box. In addition to rastering
  characters, kerning and ligature settings may now take influence on
  the result of the operation (see \ref{fonts}). If no error occurs,
  the bitmap is shown in the output window and additional information is
  shown in the message area. Otherwise, an appropriate error message is
  given.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries AAChar}}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries AAString}}\\
  Both of these buttons do exactly the same as their non-antialiased
  counterparts. The only difference consists in the generation of an
  antialiased bitmap. The result is not a bitmap in fact.
  There are at least 8 bits per pixel and at most 32 bits per
  pixel in the resulting glyph. This depends on the depth of the
  X11-visual you use when starting xglyph. The result may consume
  quite a bit of memory
  if a {\ttfamily TrueColor} or {\tt DirectColor} visual is
  active.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries CharX}}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries StringX}}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries AACharX}}
\item \fbox{{\bfseries AAStringX}}\\
  These functions basically do the same as the counterparts lacking the ``X''
  in the name. But internally the X11 rastering functions are called to
  produce the output bitmap/pixmap. As a consequence the current foreground
  color, background color and drawing mode are taken into account. For a more
  complete discussion of the X11 rastering functions see \ref{x11interface} on
  page \pageref{x11interface}. 
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Font Table}}\\
  A character table of size $16 \times 16$ is shown in the output
  window. Each cell contains an antialiased representation of the character
  indexed by the field number. The function \verb+T1_AASetCharX()+ is
  used for drawing these characters. Current foreground and background colors
  are respected as well as are most other parameters accepted by the character
  rastering functions. Only the angle specification
  is ignored since I assume that it is not very useful to have an overview
  over a font at any angle different from 0. Notice that the default size
  (100) is probably too large to make the output window fit on the screen. No
  care is taken about this. The recommended size for viewing a font's
  character map is
  between 20 and 30 points at 72 dpi resolution.  
\item \fbox{{\bfseries About}}\\
  Shows an `about' message 
  telling you that you are using \verb+xglyph+ and \tonelib\ in the current
  version.
\item \fbox{{\bfseries Exit Program}}\\
  This button does what it says and exits the program.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{The Message Window}
This area is located below the dialog box for the test
string. Information potentially useful to the user is given here.
There should be nothing needed to be said about the info---it is
self-explaining. 
But two things should be noted:
\begin{itemize}
\item The elapsed time that is displayed is exactly the time spent in
  the respective rastering function. There might
  have been other actions in force which might make the user believe the
  time value given as being incorrect.\footnote{For example, there might have
  been size-dependent data to be deleted and recreated, or an encoding
  file might have needed
  to be loaded before rastering.} Moreover, the transfer to the
  X-server may become significant if 32 bits per pixel are used, the
  image is large and
  the program is running on a remote machine.
\item The message \verb+t1lib: Couldn't generate Bitmap, T1_errno=...!+ simply
  tells the user that no bitmap could be generated. There may be
  several reasons. E.g., the \verb+FontID+-value given might have been
  out of range. Another possibility is that you have specified a
  character index which has no encoded character associated. The value of
  \verb+T1_errno+ might give a hint of what the problem was.
\end{itemize}
If a character map is displayed, the message window is giving no
information apart from the font name and the final value of
\verb+T1_errno+ because there have been executed
up to 256 rastering operation and it would be impossible to keep track
of all single operations.

\subsection{The Output Window}
The output window shows the output of the rastering operations. Its type is
different for the standard and the X11 rastering functions.  For the standard
rastering functions, it is always adapted to the size of the glyph which is
displayed plus a margin of 5 pixels on each side. For this reason, leading and
trailing white space is not shown in the output window, it only shows up in
the glyph's metrics in the message windows. 

The X11 rastering functions
generate an output window of constant size (\hbox{600 $\times $ 400} pixels)
with a logical origin in its center. This center is marked by a cross-hair of
color cyan. The glyph is placed with respect to this origin. If it is too
large to fit, the glyph simply is clipped. A second cross-hair is shown at the
place where the origin of the next glyph would be located in color magenta.

If a character map of a font is displayed, the output window contains
a map of $16\times 16$ cells whose size depends on the metrics of the
font that is displayed.


\subsection{{\tt xglyph} Commandline Parameters}
The syntax of the \verb+xglyph+ commandline is 
\begin{verbatim}
 xglyph [options] [fontfile1 [fontfile2 [...]]]
\end{verbatim}
If no options and no font files are specified on the commandline \verb+xglyph+
reads the fonts from the font database file. The details depend on which
configuration file is found and on this file's contents. If at least one font
file is specified on the commandline, the font database---being existent and
accessible or not---is ignored and the database is built using the fonts from
the commandline. \verb+fontfile1+ is assigned the font ID 0, \verb+fontfile2+
is assigned the ID 1 and so forth. Files that cannot be opened for some reason
are simply skipped. 

\verb+xglyph+ also recognizes a few options. Notice that these options are not
intended for an average user. Rather, they provide a means of (a) controlling
debugging output from the rasterizer, (b) controlling generation and verbosity
of the \tonelib-logfile, (c) disabling certain features of the rasterizer and
(d) checking some \tonelib\ functions which otherwise would not be required
because of the limited functionality of \verb+xglyph+.

All commandline arguments that start with ``\verb+--+'' are considered to be
options to \verb+xglyph+. The following is a complete list of valid options
and a brief description of their effect:
\begin{itemize}
\item\verb+--help+: Display the commandline syntax of \verb+xglyph+ as well as
  a brief list of the available options for an average user and exit.
\item\verb+--Help+: Display the commandline syntax of \verb+xglyph+ as well as
  a brief list of all available options.
\item\verb+--noGrid+: The cross-hairs marking start and end position of a
  glyph in the output of one of the X11 rastering functions will be
  suppressed. This might be useful at small sizes because the grid overwrites
  the glyphs' pixels.
\item\verb+--setPad+: The padding value \verb+xglyph+ should use can be
  specified here. This has to be followed by either ``8'', ``16'' or ``32'',
  separated by a space. Notice that the value ``32'' might be rejected as
  described in \ref{queryconfiguration}. The value actually used can be found
  by writing a logfile and examining this after a session.
\item\verb+--logError+:
\item\verb+--logWarning+:
\item\verb+--logStatistic+:
\item\verb+--logDebug+: These options firstly instruct \verb+xglyph+ to create
  a \tonelib\ logfile and secondly set the loglevel to the respective value
  (see \ref{logfile}). Without specifying one of these options, no logfile
  will be generated.
\item\verb+--ignoreForceBold+: Instructs the rasterizer to ignore a {\tt
    ForceBold} hint in the Type 1 font file.   
\item\verb+--ignoreFamilyAlignment+: Instructs the rasterizer always to
  compute font level alignment according to \verb+BlueValues+ and
  \verb+OtherBlues+, even if \verb+FamilyBlues+ and \\
  \verb+FamilyOtherBlues+
  exist and all conditions for substitution are fulfilled for that combination
  of font and size.
\item\verb+--ignoreHinting+: Instructs the rasterizer to omit hinting completely.
\item\verb+--ignoreAFM+: The use of AFM information is ignored, no matter
  whether it could be accessed via an appropriate AFM file or
  self-generated. When using this option the string functions would not
  work. It may, however, be useful because self-generation of AFM data fails
  as soon as at least one character of all defined characters can not be
  processed and thus, the font will refuse to load. Using this option,
  consequently, one has access to all character that are processible, e.g.,
  for generating a font table.
  characters that can be rasterized 
\item\verb+--debugLine+:
\item\verb+--debugRegion+:
\item\verb+--debugPath+:
\item\verb+--debugFont+:
\item\verb+--debugHint+: All these instruct the rasterizer to write particular
  debug messages from intermediate steps of rasterization to the terminal. In
  order to understand and interprete them, a thorough understanding of the
  Type 1 font format specification and this special rasterizer implementation
  is crucial.
\item\verb+--checkPerformance+: This option affects the X11 string rastering
  functions. An additional output window is created and the output of
  before-mentioned functions is directly written into this window. Note that
  this window is not managed as might be expected. Text is only drawn at the
  visible parts and after partially or completely hiding and again
  raising the respective areas are lost. This mechanism should simply give an
  idea of how fast the X11 rastering function work, admittedly a critical
  topic in \tonelib.
\item\verb+--checkCopyFont+: This option is used to check the proper
  functioning of the \verb+T1_CopyFont()+ function. It copies all fonts from
  the database to new logical fonts and slants these fonts by 0.3. Finally an
  additional fontfile is added to the database. For each step the new font ID
  is printed to the terminal and the initial and final number of fonts are
  printed. 
\item\verb+--checkConcatGlyphs+: This option affects the buttons \fbox{\bf
    String} and \fbox{\bf AAString}. The requested string glyph is generated
  twice, first time using the current value of font ID and second time using
  this 
  values plus 1. Both resulting glyphs are concatenated and the result is
  shown in the output window. 
\item\verb+--checkConcatOutlines+: This option, too, affects the standard
  string rastering functions. The current test string will be fetched as an
  outline using the current font ID. The result is then concatenated with a
  horizontal movement of 1000 charspace unit which is followed by the
  identical string using a font ID advanced by 1. The result of the
  concatenated outlines is then filled and converted to a \tonelib-glyph. 
  For details on outline handling and what it is meant for see \ref{outlines}.
  
  When \verb+--checkConcatGlyphs+ and \verb+--checkConcatOutlines+ both are
  specified on commandline, the \verb+--checkConcatGlyphs+ is respected.
\item\verb+--checkBadCharHandling+: This option provides a means of
  examining the effects of problematic/bad characters on string handling in
  \tonelib with \verb+xglyph+. It affects only the \fbox{\bf String} button.
  The character to be specified in the test character field is inserted in
  the middle of the test string. This enables the user to insert arbitrary
  character codes in the middle of a test string and to watch the effect in
  \verb+T1_SetString()+. For example, starting \verb+xglyph+ with this
  option exclusively and immediately clicking \fbox{\bf String} will show
  the string {\em TeAt} in the output window because the character `s' has
  been overwritten by character $65_{10}$ (`A'), the default test character.
\item\verb+--checkDefaultEncoding+: This option proves that the default
  encoding feature works correct. If set, all fonts should be encoded in
  IsoLatin1 encoding immediately after startup and without any slow down at
  startup. 
\item\verb+--checkSmartAntialiasing+: Enables smart antialiasing as described
  in \ref{antialiasing}. The effect is that \tonelib\ will determine the
  antialiasing level by itself.  For sizes below 20~bp, $4\times$ antialiasing
  will be used and up to 60~bp $2\times$ antialiasing is used. For size of
  60~bp and larger a ``bytemap'' is created which in fact consists only of
  pure background and foreground pixels. When this options has been
  specified, toggling the antialiasing level has no effect.
\item\verb+--checkAACaching+: This option enables caching of antialiased
  character glyphs. For a discussion of this issue see \ref{aacaching}. The
  string rastering functions are not affected by this option.
\end{itemize}
For those who are wondering about special X11 options like ``\verb+-display+'',
\verb+xglyph+ does not support these. The widgets are built straight ahead and
the layout is fixed. \verb+xglyph+ is meant to be a tool for testing some of
the functionalities of \tonelib\ and nothing more. Of course, a display other
than \verb+localhost:0.0+ may be specified by environment variable
\verb+DISPLAY+. 


\subsection{Fonts Included in the \tonelib-Package}
\label{fonts}%
Included in the \tonelib-package are 8 fonts of two families which
are freely available. 
\begin{enumerate}
\item The CharterBT-fonts in Roman, Italic, Bold and BoldItalic
  variants. These are good quality fonts containing kerning
  information. Notable kerning pairs are ``T''--``e'', ``A''--``V''
  and ``A''--``T''.
\item The ComputerModern-fonts by Donald E.~Knuth in the variants
  Roman, Italic, BoldExtended and BoldExtendedItalic. In addition to
  kerning information, there are many ligatures in these
  fonts. Most people will know about the present ligatures from using
  \TeX, the typesetting system. Notable examples are: 
  \verb+--+ $\rightarrow$ ``--'', 
  \verb+---+ $\rightarrow$ ``---'', 
    \verb+fi+ $\rightarrow$ ``fi'' and
  \verb+ffi+ $\rightarrow$ ``ffi''. 
  These fonts have the disadvantage that no ordinary space character
  is included, only a visible space. \TeX\ itself does not need a
  dedicated space character. 
\end{enumerate}
Note that working with ligatures requires the ligatures to be
encoded at the positions they are expected. Thus, if you reencode one of the
dc-fonts with the IsoLatin1-encoding funny effects may occur.

\subsection{Some General Remarks on {\tt xglyph}}
The program \verb+xglyph+ is just intended to check whether \tonelib\ works on
a particular system. It is written straight forward and does not care much on
performance and such. Especially, it is not a typical application for a
rasterizer library. The bitmaps are generated and then the output window is
adapted to the size of the bitmap/pixmap generated by the rastering
function. This contradicts the X11 principle of ``drawing into a drawable''
and requires some overhead if one wants a fitted output window. In that sense,
the performance of the X11 rastering functions is not directly comparable to
the performance of the standard rastering functions. This should always be
kept in mind.



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