 # 2 #	Name:             ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 to Unicode #	Unicode version:  3.0  #	Table version:    1.0  #	Table format:     Format A  #	Date:             1999 July 272 #	Authors:          Ken Whistler <kenw@sybase.com> # = #	Copyright (c) 1991-1999 Unicode, Inc.  All Rights reserved.  # H #	This file is provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. (The Unicode Consortium).B #	No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose.  NoA #	warranties of any kind are expressed or implied.  The recipient E #	agrees to determine applicability of information provided.  If this D #	file has been provided on optical media by Unicode, Inc., the soleD #	remedy for any claim will be exchange of defective media within 90 #	days of receipt. # E #	Unicode, Inc. hereby grants the right to freely use the information B #	supplied in this file in the creation of products supporting theC #	Unicode Standard, and to make copies of this file in any form for B #	internal or external distribution as long as this notice remains #	attached.  #  #	General notes: # @ #	This table contains the data the Unicode Consortium has on how8 #       ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 characters map into Unicode. # & #	Format:  Three tab-separated columns9 #		 Column #1 is the ISO/IEC 8859-1 code (in hex as 0xXX) / #		 Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX) < #		 Column #3 the Unicode name (follows a comment sign, '#') # * #	The entries are in ISO/IEC 8859-1 order. #  #	Version history < #	1.0 version updates 0.1 version by adding mappings for all #	control characters.  # 0 #	Updated versions of this file may be found in:+ #		<ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/>  # 8 #	Any comments or problems, contact <errata@unicode.org>? #	Please note that <errata@unicode.org> is an archival address; C #	notices will be checked, but do not expect an immediate response.  #  0x00	0x0000	#	NULL 0x01	0x0001	#	START OF HEADING 0x02	0x0002	#	START OF TEXT  0x03	0x0003	#	END OF TEXT ! 0x04	0x0004	#	END OF TRANSMISSION  0x05	0x0005	#	ENQUIRY  0x06	0x0006	#	ACKNOWLEDGE  0x07	0x0007	#	BELL 0x08	0x0008	#	BACKSPACE # 0x09	0x0009	#	HORIZONTAL TABULATION  0x0A	0x000A	#	LINE FEED ! 0x0B	0x000B	#	VERTICAL TABULATION  0x0C	0x000C	#	FORM FEED  0x0D	0x000D	#	CARRIAGE RETURN  0x0E	0x000E	#	SHIFT OUT  0x0F	0x000F	#	SHIFT IN 0x10	0x0010	#	DATA LINK ESCAPE  0x11	0x0011	#	DEVICE CONTROL ONE  0x12	0x0012	#	DEVICE CONTROL TWO" 0x13	0x0013	#	DEVICE CONTROL THREE! 0x14	0x0014	#	DEVICE CONTROL FOUR " 0x15	0x0015	#	NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE 0x16	0x0016	#	SYNCHRONOUS IDLE' 0x17	0x0017	#	END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK  0x18	0x0018	#	CANCEL 0x19	0x0019	#	END OF MEDIUM  0x1A	0x001A	#	SUBSTITUTE 0x1B	0x001B	#	ESCAPE 0x1C	0x001C	#	FILE SEPARATOR 0x1D	0x001D	#	GROUP SEPARATOR  0x1E	0x001E	#	RECORD SEPARATOR 0x1F	0x001F	#	UNIT SEPARATOR 0x20	0x0020	#	SPACE  0x21	0x0021	#	EXCLAMATION MARK 0x22	0x0022	#	QUOTATION MARK 0x23	0x0023	#	NUMBER SIGN  0x24	0x0024	#	DOLLAR SIGN  0x25	0x0025	#	PERCENT SIGN 0x26	0x0026	#	AMPERSAND  0x27	0x0027	#	APOSTROPHE 0x28	0x0028	#	LEFT PARENTHESIS 0x29	0x0029	#	RIGHT PARENTHESIS  0x2A	0x002A	#	ASTERISK 0x2B	0x002B	#	PLUS SIGN  0x2C	0x002C	#	COMMA  0x2D	0x002D	#	HYPHEN-MINUS 0x2E	0x002E	#	FULL STOP  0x2F	0x002F	#	SOLIDUS  0x30	0x0030	#	DIGIT ZERO 0x31	0x0031	#	DIGIT ONE  0x32	0x0032	#	DIGIT TWO  0x33	0x0033	#	DIGIT THREE  0x34	0x0034	#	DIGIT FOUR 0x35	0x0035	#	DIGIT FIVE 0x36	0x0036	#	DIGIT SIX  0x37	0x0037	#	DIGIT SEVEN  0x38	0x0038	#	DIGIT EIGHT  0x39	0x0039	#	DIGIT NINE 0x3A	0x003A	#	COLON  0x3B	0x003B	#	SEMICOLON  0x3C	0x003C	#	LESS-THAN SIGN 0x3D	0x003D	#	EQUALS SIGN  0x3E	0x003E	#	GREATER-THAN SIGN  0x3F	0x003F	#	QUESTION MARK  0x40	0x0040	#	COMMERCIAL AT $ 0x41	0x0041	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A$ 0x42	0x0042	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B$ 0x43	0x0043	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C$ 0x44	0x0044	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D$ 0x45	0x0045	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E$ 0x46	0x0046	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F$ 0x47	0x0047	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G$ 0x48	0x0048	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H$ 0x49	0x0049	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I$ 0x4A	0x004A	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J$ 0x4B	0x004B	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K$ 0x4C	0x004C	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L$ 0x4D	0x004D	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M$ 0x4E	0x004E	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N$ 0x4F	0x004F	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O$ 0x50	0x0050	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P$ 0x51	0x0051	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q$ 0x52	0x0052	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R$ 0x53	0x0053	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S$ 0x54	0x0054	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T$ 0x55	0x0055	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U$ 0x56	0x0056	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V$ 0x57	0x0057	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W$ 0x58	0x0058	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X$ 0x59	0x0059	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y$ 0x5A	0x005A	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z! 0x5B	0x005B	#	LEFT SQUARE BRACKET  0x5C	0x005C	#	REVERSE SOLIDUS " 0x5D	0x005D	#	RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET 0x5E	0x005E	#	CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT  0x5F	0x005F	#	LOW LINE 0x60	0x0060	#	GRAVE ACCENT" 0x61	0x0061	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A" 0x62	0x0062	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER B" 0x63	0x0063	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER C" 0x64	0x0064	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER D" 0x65	0x0065	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER E" 0x66	0x0066	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER F" 0x67	0x0067	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER G" 0x68	0x0068	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER H" 0x69	0x0069	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER I" 0x6A	0x006A	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER J" 0x6B	0x006B	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER K" 0x6C	0x006C	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER L" 0x6D	0x006D	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER M" 0x6E	0x006E	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER N" 0x6F	0x006F	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O" 0x70	0x0070	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER P" 0x71	0x0071	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q" 0x72	0x0072	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER R" 0x73	0x0073	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER S" 0x74	0x0074	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER T" 0x75	0x0075	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER U" 0x76	0x0076	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER V" 0x77	0x0077	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER W" 0x78	0x0078	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER X" 0x79	0x0079	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y" 0x7A	0x007A	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER Z  0x7B	0x007B	#	LEFT CURLY BRACKET 0x7C	0x007C	#	VERTICAL LINE ! 0x7D	0x007D	#	RIGHT CURLY BRACKET  0x7E	0x007E	#	TILDE  0x7F	0x007F	#	DELETE 0x80	0x0080	#	<control>  0x81	0x0081	#	<control>  0x82	0x0082	#	<control>  0x83	0x0083	#	<control>  0x84	0x0084	#	<control>  0x85	0x0085	#	<control>  0x86	0x0086	#	<control>  0x87	0x0087	#	<control>  0x88	0x0088	#	<control>  0x89	0x0089	#	<control>  0x8A	0x008A	#	<control>  0x8B	0x008B	#	<control>  0x8C	0x008C	#	<control>  0x8D	0x008D	#	<control>  0x8E	0x008E	#	<control>  0x8F	0x008F	#	<control>  0x90	0x0090	#	<control>  0x91	0x0091	#	<control>  0x92	0x0092	#	<control>  0x93	0x0093	#	<control>  0x94	0x0094	#	<control>  0x95	0x0095	#	<control>  0x96	0x0096	#	<control>  0x97	0x0097	#	<control>  0x98	0x0098	#	<control>  0x99	0x0099	#	<control>  0x9A	0x009A	#	<control>  0x9B	0x009B	#	<control>  0x9C	0x009C	#	<control>  0x9D	0x009D	#	<control>  0x9E	0x009E	#	<control>  0x9F	0x009F	#	<control>  0xA0	0x00A0	#	NO-BREAK SPACE' 0xA1	0x00A1	#	INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK  0xA2	0x00A2	#	CENT SIGN  0xA3	0x00A3	#	POUND SIGN 0xA4	0x00A4	#	CURRENCY SIGN  0xA5	0x00A5	#	YEN SIGN 0xA6	0x00A6	#	BROKEN BAR 0xA7	0x00A7	#	SECTION SIGN 0xA8	0x00A8	#	DIAERESIS  0xA9	0x00A9	#	COPYRIGHT SIGN( 0xAA	0x00AA	#	FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR7 0xAB	0x00AB	#	LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK  0xAC	0x00AC	#	NOT SIGN 0xAD	0x00AD	#	SOFT HYPHEN  0xAE	0x00AE	#	REGISTERED SIGN  0xAF	0x00AF	#	MACRON 0xB0	0x00B0	#	DEGREE SIGN  0xB1	0x00B1	#	PLUS-MINUS SIGN  0xB2	0x00B2	#	SUPERSCRIPT TWO  0xB3	0x00B3	#	SUPERSCRIPT THREE  0xB4	0x00B4	#	ACUTE ACCENT 0xB5	0x00B5	#	MICRO SIGN 0xB6	0x00B6	#	PILCROW SIGN 0xB7	0x00B7	#	MIDDLE DOT 0xB8	0x00B8	#	CEDILLA  0xB9	0x00B9	#	SUPERSCRIPT ONE ) 0xBA	0x00BA	#	MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR 8 0xBB	0x00BB	#	RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK) 0xBC	0x00BC	#	VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER & 0xBD	0x00BD	#	VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF, 0xBE	0x00BE	#	VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS$ 0xBF	0x00BF	#	INVERTED QUESTION MARK/ 0xC0	0x00C0	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE / 0xC1	0x00C1	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 4 0xC2	0x00C2	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX/ 0xC3	0x00C3	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE 3 0xC4	0x00C4	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 4 0xC5	0x00C5	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE% 0xC6	0x00C6	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE 1 0xC7	0x00C7	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA:/ 0xC8	0x00C8	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE / 0xC9	0x00C9	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE	4 0xCA	0x00CA	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX3 0xCB	0x00CB	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESISe/ 0xCC	0x00CC	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVEi/ 0xCD	0x00CD	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 4 0xCE	0x00CE	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX3 0xCF	0x00CF	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 2 0xD0	0x00D0	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)/ 0xD1	0x00D1	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDEe/ 0xD2	0x00D2	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE / 0xD3	0x00D3	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTEd4 0xD4	0x00D4	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX/ 0xD5	0x00D5	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE 3 0xD6	0x00D6	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESISt! 0xD7	0x00D7	#	MULTIPLICATION SIGNn0 0xD8	0x00D8	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE/ 0xD9	0x00D9	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVEo/ 0xDA	0x00DA	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 4 0xDB	0x00DB	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX3 0xDC	0x00DC	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS8/ 0xDD	0x00DD	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTEm4 0xDE	0x00DE	#	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)1 0xDF	0x00DF	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German)#- 0xE0	0x00E0	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVEn- 0xE1	0x00E1	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE#2 0xE2	0x00E2	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX- 0xE3	0x00E3	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE.1 0xE4	0x00E4	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESISr2 0xE5	0x00E5	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE# 0xE6	0x00E6	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER AE// 0xE7	0x00E7	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLAs- 0xE8	0x00E8	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVEh- 0xE9	0x00E9	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 2 0xEA	0x00EA	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX1 0xEB	0x00EB	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS0- 0xEC	0x00EC	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVET- 0xED	0x00ED	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE	2 0xEE	0x00EE	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX1 0xEF	0x00EF	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS00 0xF0	0x00F0	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)- 0xF1	0x00F1	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDET- 0xF2	0x00F2	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVED- 0xF3	0x00F3	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 2 0xF4	0x00F4	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX- 0xF5	0x00F5	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE21 0xF6	0x00F6	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESISC 0xF7	0x00F7	#	DIVISION SIGNE. 0xF8	0x00F8	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE- 0xF9	0x00F9	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE0- 0xFA	0x00FA	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE	2 0xFB	0x00FB	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX1 0xFC	0x00FC	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESISE- 0xFD	0x00FD	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTEE2 0xFE	0x00FE	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)1 0xFF	0x00FF	#	LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESISOMARK 0x22	0x0022	#	QUOTATION MARK 0x23	0x0023	#	NUMBER SIGN  0x24	0x0024	#	DOLLAR SIGN  0x25	0x0025	#	PERCENT SIGN 0x26	0x0026	#	AMPERSAND  0x27	0x0027	#	APOSTROPHE 0x28	0x0028	#	LEFT PARENTHESIS  behind the entire VAX family. And I think its success was due to his vision." --Bill Demmer Former VP, Computer Systems Group

6


Digital Equipment Corporation headquarters in Maynard, Massachusetts, with the famous clocktower.

The beloved Mill The physical environment in which VAX and VMS was created was very much in keeping with its New England heritage. "The Mill"--a set of brick buildings in the center of Maynard, Massachusetts--exemplifies two old New England traditions. One is the classic mill town pattern with the development of an industry and the growth of a community around it. The other is the thrifty Yankee "make do" principle--it's better to "make do" with what you have if it's still useful, rather than abandon it and buy something new and expensive. The original mill site on the Assabet River was once part of the town of Sudbury; the opposite bank belonged to the town of Stow. The present town, incorporated in 1871, was named for the man most responsible for its development, Amory Maynard. At the age of 16, Maynard ran his own sawmill business and later went into partnership with a carpet manufacturer. They dammed the river to form a millpond to provide power for a new mill, which opened in 1847. The clock tower After Amory Maynard died in 1890, his son Lorenzo built the Mill's famous clock tower in memory of his father. The clock's four faces, each nine feet in diameter, are mechanically controlled by a small timer inside the tower. DIGITAL never electrified the timer nor the bell mechanism. To this day, someone has to climb the 120 steps once a week to wind the clock: 90 turns for the timer and 330 turns for the striker. In 1899, the American Woolen Company, an industrial giant, bought the Assabet Mills and added most of the existing structures. The biggest section was Building 5, which was 610 feet long and contained more looms than any other woolen mill in the world. Over the next 50 years, the Assabet Mills survived two world wars and the Depression. But when peace returned, the Assabet Mills were shut down entirely in 1950. Like many New England mills, it succumbed to a combination of Southern and foreign competition and the growing use of synthetic fibers.

From textiles to computers In 1953, ten businessmen from nearby Worcester bought the mill and leased space to tenants. One of the companies attracted by the affordable space was Digital Equipment Corporation, which started operations in 8,680 square feet in the mill in 1957. DIGITAL grew so fast that within 17 years, it bought and expanded into the whole mill complex. Inside, old paint was removed from the walls, exposing large areas of the original brickwork. Pipes were painted in bright colors, in contrast to the massive beams and columns. The large interior once used for textile machinery became filled with modular office cubicles-- offering flexibility to meet the company's changing requirements. DIGITAL left the exterior of the buildings largely unaltered, but cleaned up the Assabet River, which once was colored with the residue from the mill's dyeing plant. When the employees first moved in, the floors were wavy and soaked with lanolin from the wool processing days-- which would eat right through crepe-soled shoes. While the engineers started designing the VAX and VMS architecture, the floors were being refinished, so they had to live with the ambient music of hammering on the floors above. Then the floors were sanded and polyurethaned. During the sanding, the engineers were given plastic sheets to cover their desks and equipment each night. Before the roof was replaced, rivers of water flowed through parts of the mill when it rained.

7


Industry trends of the time During the mid 1970s, industry trends included interactive computing and networking. Corporations were discovering that distributed computing was a viable alternative to the mainframe batch environment. Distributed computing allowed a company to decentralize information and put it in the hands of decision makers--an idea which dovetailed perfectly with Ken Olsen's original goal of giving computer power to the people.

PDP-11/70--moving from 16-bit to 32-bit computing.

Due to industry-wide technological advances, more computing power could be packaged in every square centimeter of space for less money. As a result, computer systems could be made smaller and more affordable, and provide functionality previously found only in large mainframes. DIGITAL drove the industry trend of building increasingly more powerful--but less expensive and physically smaller--computer systems. DIGITAL had developed tools to meet the opportunities created by these industry trends: the interactive minicomputer, DECnet, more powerful and easier-to-use software, a volume manufacturing capability, and financial applications. However, corporations were being constrained by the limitation in the addressing range of 16-bit computer architectures-- a bottleneck the industry needed to address. Outgrowing 16-bits As early as 1974, DIGITAL recognized the limitations of its 16-bit PDP architecture--especially f