1 A TECOC s constructed using numbers, operators, variables (q-registers) and values maintained by TECO. Expressions are used to supply numeric values to TECO commands. The = command simply displays the value of it's numeric argument. Using it gives the TECO user a simple integer calculator. Radix control is provided to allow the user to input and output constants in octal, decimal or hexadecimal. Expressions are evaluated left to right unless parentheses are used to alter the order of execution. Parentheses may be nested. If parentheses are used, the expression within innermost parentheses is evaluated first, left to right. There is no operator precedence. is evaluated first, 2 Examples ht. There is no operator precedence. 256*4=$$ 256*4=$$ will display 1024 on the screen 10*(4+3)ua$$ will put 70 into q-register a qa=$$ will display the value stored in q-register a qa*20=$$ will display the value of q-register a, times 20 z=$$ will display the number of characters in the edit buffer the character pointer, in octal he character following 2 Operators the character pointer, in octal The fol The following operators are recognized by TECO in expressions OPERATOR EXAMPLE FUNCTION + 2+2=4 Addition , not meaningful, but legal - -2=-2 Unary minu - 8-6=2 Subtraction negation * 2*3=6 Multiplicatio / 8/3=2 Division with tr & 12&10=8 Logical AND truncated result # 12#10=14 Logical OR ^_ 5^_=-6 Logical comp2 Q-registers 5^_=-6 Logical complement Q-registe contain text and a numeric value. See "Q-REGISTERS" for more help. 2 Radix_control a numeric value. See "Q-REGISTERS" for more help. TECO allow hexadecimal. A current radix is maintained by TECO. Decimal is the default radix. Numbers in command strings are interpreted according to the current radix. The following commands alter the current radix. current radix. The following commands alter the current adix. ^D change the current radix to decimal ^O change the current radix to octal ^R return the value of the current radix 2 Special_values he radix. n must be 8, 10 or 16 The followin available on these commands individually. ind of value. Help is vailable on these commands individually. B 0 n^F terminal number ED edit level flag ^H current time of d EH help level flag ^N end-of-file flag y EO TECO version number ^R current radix g ES search verify flag ^S neg. size of la ET type-out flag ^T next typed char insert EU case flag ^X search mode flag EV edit verify flag ^Y m,n of last insert Mq macro return value ^Z q-register memory us Qq value in q ^^x ASCII value of x used Z number chars in buffer :Qq number chars in q ^B current date \ digit string in buf ^E form feed flag . position in buffer er 2 Type-out rm feed flag . position in buffer Type-o command. See "COMMANDS =" for help about the = command. rough the = 1 Branching e "COMMANDS =" for help about the = command. TECO pr strings. This capability provides much of the real power of the TECO language. The following commands branch within a TECO command string: The following commands branch within a TECO command tring: | else > end loop ' end if F< goto same- $$ exit macro F> goto same-level > n$$ exit macro F| goto same-level | m,n$$ exit macro F' goto same-level ' ; leave loop O goto tag level ' n; leave loop nO computed g :; leave loop ^C stop now, give n:; leave loop ^C^C terminate TECO rompt 1 Commands leave loop ^C^C terminate TECO Almost characters. all TECO commands are terminated with two escape 2 ^A cters. two ^A's is displayed. The ^A command can be @-sign modified. tween wo ^A's is displayed. The ^A command can be @-sign modified. E xamples: ^ @^A:hello:$$ would display hello on the terminal screen 2 ^B ello:$$ would display hello on the terminal screen equations: command returns the current date via the following quations: O where k = 4096 if year>1977 970)&7)+k and k=0 otherwise ear>1977 RT-11: ^B = (((month*32)+day)*3 RSTS/E: ^B = ((year-1970)*1000)+day within yea RSX-11: ^B = ((year-1900)*16+month)*32+day ear VAX/VMS: ^B = ((year-1900)*16+month)*32+day TOPS-10: ^B = (((year-1964)*12+month-1)*31+da2 ^C 10: ^B = (((year-1964)*12+month-1)*31+day-1) returns control to the user. This command is usually used to stop TECO when it is erroneously placed into an infinite loop. If this command is entered while a search is in progress, the character pointer's position is not well defined. s in progress, the character 2 ^D er's position is not well defined. equivalent to a 10^R command, when the curent radix is 10. See the documentation of the ^R command for a description of the radix. the 2 ^E entation of the ^R command for a description of the radix. the last page which was input was terminated by a form feed. If the last page read was not terminated by a form feed (if it was the last page in the file or if the edit buffer filled up before the entire page was read) then ^E is equivalent to 0. The ^E flag is tested by the P command to determine whether a form feed should be appended to the edit buffer when it is output. a form feed should be appended to he edit buffer when it is output. ^ within search strings. For help on match control characters, the help key is "SEARCHING MATCH_CONTROL_CHARACTERS". ol characters, the 2 ^G^G y is "SEARCHING MATCH_CONTROL_CHARACTERS". Th command strings. When you type ^G^G, the command string is cleared and you are given another prompt. When you type in a command string that has a mistake in it, and you notice the mistake before you strike the ESCAPE-ESCAPE sequence that starts execution of the command string, this aid can be used to clear the string so that you can re-type it. This aid works a little differently than the ^U and ^X aids. They clear only the current line of the command string, not the whole command string. he current line of the command string, not 2 ^G mmand string. The ^G< command strings. When you type ^G and then a space, the current line of the command string is displayed. This is useful when you are on a terminal that doesn't erase characters when the DELETE key is used. On such a terminal, typing in a command string and using DELETE to fix it can leave the command string in an un-readable state on the terminal. In such a case, ^G will re-display the current line of the command string. e, ^G will re-display the current line 2 ^G* command string. T command strings. When you type ^G and then an asterisk, the entire current command string is displayed. This is useful when you are on a terminal that doesn't erase characters when the DELETE key is used. On such a terminal, typing in a command string and using DELETE to fix it can leave the command string in an un-readable state on the terminal. In such a case, ^G* will re-display the current command string. In such a case, ^G* will re-display the current command 2 ^H g. The ^H (or BACKSPACE) command has two different functions. command returns the time of day via the following equations: the ^H ommand returns the time of day via the following equations: O RT-11: ^H = (se RSTS/E: ^H = minutes until midnight /2 RSX-11: ^H = (seconds since midnight) VAX/VMS: ^H = (seconds since midnight)/2 TOPS-10: ^H = 60ths of a second since midn a second where 50 Hz power is used 50ths of a second where 50 Hz power is used typed after a TECO prompt) a BACKSPACE will cause TECO to immediately move to the front of the previous line and type the line (like a -1L1T). The BACKSPACE immediate mode command together with the LINE-FEED immediate mode command (which is like a 1L1T) provides a convenient way to step from line to line within the edit buffer. a 2 ^I nient way to step from line to line within the edit buffer. that the tab character is inserted along with the tab character. This command is a useful alternative to the I command when a FORTRAN or assembly language program is being edited. ommand when a FORTRAN 2 ^J sembly language program is being edited. The ^J (or LINE-FEED) command has two different functions. character has no effect. It is meant to be used together with the RETURN and SPACE commands to provide the TECO programmer with a way to indent and format TECO programs and macros. ogrammer with a way o indent and format TECO programs and macros. typed after a TECO prompt) a LINE-FEED will cause TECO to immediately move to the front of the next line and type the line (like a 1L1T). The LINE-FEED immediate mode command together with the BACKSPACE immediate mode command (which is like a -1L1T) provides a convenient way to step from line to line within the edit buffer. a convenient 2 ^L o step from line to line within the edit buffer. echoes as a form feed and can be used to format command strings used in macros. form feed and can be used to format command strings used n macros. page from an input file, a form feed defines the end of the page. Form feeds can be inserted into files like other characters. When inserted, they reside in the edit buffer. When the file is output and TECO is used to edit the file later, the inserted form feeds terminate pages. o edit the file later, the inserted form feeds 2 ^M nate pages. be used to format command strings in macros. nction in TECO. It can 2 ^O ed to format command strings in macros. equivalent to a 8^R command, when the curent radix is 10. See the documentation of the ^R command for a description of the radix. When a control-O or caret-O is encountered in a comand string, it has the above meaning. When a control-O is typed by the user, control-O turns output to the terminal on or off. TECO still generates characters, it simply throws them away instead actually displaying them. When a command is executed which results in a lot of useless output to a slow terminal, control-O can be used to speed things up where control-C would stop execution. n be used to speed things up 2 ^Q control-C would stop execution. the corresponding character positions. The n^Q command returns the number of characters between the buffer position and the nth line terminator. The numeric argument can be positive or negative. For example, n^QC is equivalent to nL. can be positive or negative. For xample, n^QC is equivalent to nL. to be used literally. For instance, Sttt^Q^Es$$ will search for ttt^Es rather than ttt followed by a sequence of spaces and/or tabs. tt^Es rather than ttt followed by a sequence of spaces and/or tabs. character will "freeze" output to the terminal and ^Q will allow output to resume. This feature allows the user to temporarily stop output to the screen so that text can be read before it scrolls off the top of the screen. o that text can be read before it scrolls off 2 ^R op of the screen. set the radix, use n^R, where n is a number between 2 and 36, inclusive. If ^R is used without a numeric argument, the current radix is returned. The value of the radix affects the execution of the =, :=, ==, :==, ===, :=== and \ commands. It also affects the meaning of digit strings within command strings. If the radix is set to a value above 10, parsing of command strings is affected. Upper and lowercase letters become valid as "digits" in constants. The meaning of commands strings can become very confusing, as letters intended to be commands are absorbed as part of constants. It is recomended that bases higher than 10 be used only temporarily. If an attempt is made to set the radix to a number that is out of range, the IRA error message is produced. When TECO is started, the radix has a value if 10. e is produced. When TECO is started, the radix 2 ^S value if 10. inserted, multiplied by -1. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other commands to manipulate the last string inserted or found. For instance, ands to manipulate the last string inserted or found. or instance, Sabc$^SC$$ find abc and move to GM$^SD$$ insert q-register M, then change your GM$^SD$$ insert q-register M, then change your mind character will "freeze" output to the terminal and ^Q will allow output to resume. This feature allows the user to temporarily stop output to the screen so that text can be read before it scrolls off the top of the screen. o that text can be read before it scrolls off 2 ^T op of the screen. 2 ^U The ^T command... 2 ^V The ^U command... 2 ^W The ^V command... 2 ^X The ^W command... The search flag. A can be found under the FLAGS keyword. This flag controls the significance of case in searches. If this flag is 0, then case is insignificant in search commands, and the command stext$$ would find "Text", "text" or "TEXT" in the edit buffer. If this flag is -1, then search commands are sensitive to case, and the command stext$$ would only find "text" in the edit buffer. , and the command stext$$ 2 ^Y only find "text" in the edit buffer. 2 ^Z The ^Y command... 2 ^^X he ^Z command... T2 ! The ^^X command... characters. A tag can be used as the destination of a branch (via the O command). When TECO is executing sequentially and encounters a tag, the tag is simply ignored. Tags also provide TECO's comment capability. g is simply ignored. Tags also provide TECO's comment 2 " bility. or "if-then-else" construct. The two general forms of the " command are if-then-else" construct. The two general forms of the " command re n"x' like "if x(n) then " n"x|' like "if x(n) then else " W conditional characters determine how the value of the expression is tested. Conditionals may be nested. the value of the expression is 3 "< d. Conditionals may be nested. expression is less than zero. Equivalent to "L, "S or "T. receeding 3 "= ssion is less than zero. Equivalent to "L, "S or "T. expression is equal to zero. Equivalent to "E, "F or "U. preceeding 3 "> ssion is equal to zero. Equivalent to "E, "F or "U. expression is greater than zero. Equivalent to "G. the preceeding 3 "A ssion is greater than zero. Equivalent to "G. expression evaluates to a value that is the ASCII code for an alphabetic character. Alphabetic characters are all upper case and lower case letters from A to Z. characters are all upper case and 3 "C case letters from A to Z. expression evaluates to the ASCII code for a symbol constituent. Symbol constituents are upper and lower case letters from A to Z, digits, or periods and dollar signs. r case letters from A to Z, 3 "D s, or periods and dollar signs. expression evaluates to the ASCII code for a digit. Digits are 0 through 9. evaluates to the ASCII code for a digit. Digits are 0 3 "E gh 9. expression is equal to zero. Equivalent to "=, "F or "U. preceeding 3 "F ssion is equal to zero. Equivalent to "=, "F or "U. expression is FALSE. FALSE in TECO is 0. Equivalent to "=, "E or "U. ssion is FALSE. FALSE in TECO is 0. Equivalent to "=, "E or 3 "G expression is greater than zero. Equivalent to ">. the preceeding 3 "L ssion is greater than zero. Equivalent to ">. expression is less than zero. Equivalent to "<, "S or "T. receeding 3 "N ssion is less than zero. Equivalent to "<, "S or "T. expression is not equal to zero. and string if the preceeding 3 "R ssion is not equal to zero. expression evaluates to the ASCII code for an alphanumeric character. Alphanumeric characters are digits and the upper and lower case characters from A to Z. re digits and the upper and lower case 3 "S cters from A to Z. expression is SUCCESSFUL. SUCCESSFUL in TECO is a value less than 0. Equivalent to "<, "L or "T. CCESSFUL in TECO is a value less than 0. 3 "T alent to "<, "L or "T. expression is TRUE. TRUE in TECO is a value less than 0. Equivalent to "<, "L or "S. . TRUE in TECO is a value less than 0. Equivalent 3 "U , "L or "S. expression was UNSUCCESSFUL. UNSUCCESSFUL in TECO is 0. Equivalent to "=, "E or "F. SUCCESSFUL. UNSUCCESSFUL in TECO is 0. Equivalent 3 "V , "E or "F. expression evaluates to the ASCII code for a lower case letter from a to z. ion evaluates to the ASCII code for a lower case letter from a 3 "W expression evaluates to the ASCII code for a upper case letter from A to Z. ion evaluates to the ASCII code for a upper case letter from A 2 %q 2 ' The %q command... 2 *q The ' command... 2 . The *q immediate command... 2 ; The . command... 2 < The ; command... 2 > the < command... 2 = The > command... 2 := The = command... 2 ? The := command... 2 @ The ? command... 2 A The @ command... input file to the end of the current editing buffer. The command is of the form: the end of the current editing buffer. The command is f the form: and append it to the end of the current text buffer nd it to the end of the current text 2 B buffer 2 BACKSPACE ommand... The ^H used as an immediate mode command (the first character typed after a TECO prompt) it causes a -1L1T command string to be executed. Together with the LINE-FEED immediate mode command, this provides a convenient way to move through a file. When used as a normal command in a command string, the ^H command returns the time of day via the following equations: the ^H command returns the time of day via the ollowing equations: O RT-11: ^H = (se RSTS/E: ^H = minutes until midnight /2 RSX-11: ^H = (seconds since midnight) VAX/VMS: ^H = (seconds since midnight)/2 TOPS-10: ^H = 60ths of a second since midn a second where 50 Hz power is used 50ths of 2 C a second where 50 Hz power is used number of characters. Common forms of the "C" command are: pecified umber of characters. Common forms of the "C" command are: 3C Move forward by three characters aracter -1C Move back to the previous characte2 D 1C Move back to the previous character buffer. Common forms of the command are: acters from the editing uffer. Common forms of the command are: 5D Delete the next five characters, starting ter with the character following the pointer -1D Delete the character which immediately pre the pointer aracter which immediately precedes 2 E% the pointer 2 E_ The E% command... 2 EA The E_ command... 2 EB The EA command... 2 EC The EB command... 2 ED The EC command... flags can be found under the FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag have the following meanings: e FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag ave the following meanings: 2 Allow Y and _ commands to destroy e 4 Don't arbitrarily expand memory edit buffer 16 preserve dot on failing searches 64 only move dot by one on multiple o3 1 64 only move dot by one on multiple occurrence searches then the caret character is a normal character in search strings. If this bit is 0, then the caret character causes the immediately following character in the search string to become a control character. It is useful to turn this bit off when you are editing a file with many control characters. s bit off when you are editing a 3 2 with many control characters. buffer. If this bit is 1, the Y and _ commands will work, even if the edit buffer contains text. If this bit is 0, then the Y and _ commands will cause an error when the edit buffer contains text. Note that this flag operates sensibly: it only aborts Y commands if an output file is defined. This flag is useful because it is very easy to execute a Y command by mistake and irrevocably lose the contents of the edit buffer. y mistake and irrevocably lose the 3 4 ents of the edit buffer. expand memory in order to execute the A command. It will not expand memory in order to execute the Y, P or N commands. If this bit is clear, TECO will expand the edit buffer in order to fit entire pages into the edit buffer when the user execute an A, N, P or Y command. 3 16 the edit buffer when the user execute an A, N, P or Y command. search fails, the character pointer is left pointing to the same place it was pointing before the search was attempted. If this bit is 0, then when a search fails, the character pointer is left pointing to the beginning of the edit buffer. racter pointer is left 3 64 ing to the beginning of the edit buffer. searches. This bit affects the way TECO handles the character pointer while executing a command like 5Stext$$. If this bit is 1, then the character pointer is incremented each time the text string is found. If this bit is 0, then the character pointer is moved to the end of the found text string each time the text string is found. For example, suppose the text buffer contains 20 A's, the character pointer is currently pointing to the beginning of the edit buffer, and the bit is 1. The command 5SAA$$ will complete leaving the character pointer between the 6th and 7th characters (.=$$ gives 6). Under the same conditions, with the bit set to 0, the same command will complete leaving the character pointer between the 10th and 11th characters (.=$$ gives 10). racter pointer between the 10th and 11th 2 EF cters (.=$$ gives 10). 2 EG 2 EH can be found under the FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag have the following meanings: e FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag have the ollowing meanings: 4 display failing command string afte3 3 4 display failing command string after errors displayed when an error occurs. The bits can have the following values: when an error occurs. The bits can have the following alues: 00 same as 10 01 display only the 3-letter error code 10 display 3-letter error code and one-line error message a paragraph describing the error in detail. message and 3 4 a paragraph describing the error in detail. is 1, then the commands string that caused the error is displayed up to and including the command that caused the error. This is just like typing the immediate mode question-mark command after every error. If this bit is 0, then the failing command string is not typed. If this bit is 0, then the failing command string is not 2 EI . 2 EJ The EI command... 2 EK The EJ command... 2 EL The EK command... 2 EM The EL command... 2 EN The EM command... 2 EP The EN command... 2 EQ The EP command... 2 ER The EQ command... 2 ES The ER command... every successful search command completes. By default, nothing is displayed (ES is 0). ES has the following meanings: ult, nothing is isplayed (ES is 0). ES has the following meanings: -1 display the line contain 1-31 display the line containing the found string, with a line feed at the character position , 32-126 display the line containing the found string with the character whose ASCII code is represen by ES at the character position de is represented m*265+n n has the meanings defined above. of lines above and below the found string to be r displayed. ve and below the found string to be 2 ESCAPE displayed. The 2 ET The ESCAPE command... flags can be found under the FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag have the following meanings: e FLAGS keyword. Bits within this flag ave the following meanings: 2 process DELETE and ^U in scope mode 4 don't convert user's input to upper c 8 read without echo on ^T commands r case 16 cancel ^O on type-out commands 32 read with no wait on ^T 128 mung mode o wait on ^T commands 256 truncate to 512 terminal is a CRT l width 1024 terminal is a refre 32768 trap ^C is a refresh scope 3 1 32768 trap ^C performed when text is typed out. If this bit is 0, TECO automatically converts non-displayable character into a displayable form before displaying them on the terminal. For instance, the control-A character is converted to ^A and the ESCAPE character is converted to a dollar sign. ted to ^A and the ESCAPE character is 3 2 erted to a dollar sign. DELETE and ^U commands will cause characters being deleted to disappear from the terminal screen. If this bit is 0, then deleted characters are simply echoed to the terminal screen and ^U simply advances to the next line. oed to the terminal screen and ^U simply 3 4 nces to the next line. lowercase characters to uppercase on input. If this bit is 0, TECO will convert lowercase characters typed by the user into uppercase. 3 8 convert lowercase characters typed by the user into uppercase. not echo. If this bit is 0, ^T commands will echo. This bit allows the user to explicitly echo input characters as he/she sees fit. ows 3 16 ser to explicitly echo input characters as he/she sees fit. outstanding control-O command before doing its output, then automatically clear the bit. If this bit is 0, TECO will output normally, subject to ^O control. his bit is 0, TECO will output 3 32 lly, subject to ^O control. immediately, regardless of whether there is a character in the type-ahead buffer or not. If this bit is 1 and a ^T command is executed and the type-ahead buffer is empty, the ^T will return a -1. If this bit is 0 and a ^T command is executed and the type-ahead buffer is empty, TECO will wait for the user to type a character. ad 3 128 is empty, TECO will wait for the user to type a character. M executing a TECO program instead of interactively. If this bit is 1, then ing a TECO program instead of interactively. If this bit is 1, hen 2. ^C causes the immediate termination of TEC 3. errors cause TECO to terminate ion of TECO If this bit is 0, then e TECO to terminate 1. information 2. ^C returns the user to a TECO prompt 3. errors return the user to a TECO promp3 256 3. errors return the user to a TECO prompt T truncate output lines to fit on lines of the terminal. If this bit is 0, what happens to lines that are too long is determined by the terminal and/or terminal driver. re too long is determined by the 3 512 al and/or terminal driver. T defined for CRT's (VT52, VT100, etc.). If this bit is 0, the W command is not defined for CRT's. etc.). If this bit is 0, the W 3 1024 is not defined for CRT's. Th command is defined for refresh terminals. If this bit is a 0, then the terminal is not a refresh scope, and the W command is not defined for refresh scopes. refresh scope, and the W command is not defined 3 32768 esh scopes. Tra 0 and execution of the current command string continues. This allows TECO macros to detect ^C's. If this bit is 0 and a ^C is typed, the user is returned to theTECO prompt. bit is 0 and a ^C is typed, the 2 EU is returned to theTECO prompt. can be found under the FLAGS keyword. This flag allows TECO to be used to input and output upper and lower case characters even if the terminal being used is capable of displaying only uppercase characters. If the EU flag is 1, no case flagging is performed on type-out. If the EU flag is 0, lowercase characters are converted to uppercase on type-out, and are preceeded by a ' character. If the EU flag is 1, then lowercase character are converted to uppercase on type-out, but uppercase characters are preceeded by a ' character. n The default value for this flag is -1. If TECO can tell (b asking the operating system) that your terminal cannot support lowercase output, then it will set this flag to 0. l cannot support 2 EV case output, then it will set this flag to 0. every successful command string completes. By default, nothing is displayed (EV is 0). EV has the following meanings: ult, nothing is isplayed (EV is 0). EV has the following meanings: -1 display the line contain 1-31 display the line containing the character position, with a line feed at the character position sition, 32-126 display the line containing the character po with the character whose ASCII code is represented by ES at the character position de is represented m*265+n n has the meanings defined above. of lines above and below the character position to b displayed. ve and below the character position to be 2 EW displayed. 2 EX output file, copy the remainder of the input file to the output file, and exit from TECO. For example, the input file to the output file, nd exit from TECO. For example, EX$$ ( must type the key twice to cause the command to be executed.) 2 EY type the key twice to cause the command to be executed.) 2 EZ The EY command... 2 F_ The EZ command... 2 F' The F_ command... 2 F< The F' command... 2 F> The F< command... 2 F| The F> command... 2 FB The F| command... 2 FC The FB command... 2 FD The FC command... 2 FK The FD command... 2 FN The FK command... 2 FORM-FEED command... The ^L echoes as a form feed and can be used to format command strings used in macros. form feed and can be used to format command strings used n macros. page from an input file, a form feed defines the end of the page. Form feeds can be inserted into files like other characters. When inserted, they reside in the edit buffer. When the file is output and TECO is used to edit the file later, the inserted form feeds terminate pages. o edit the file later, the inserted form feeds 2 FR nate pages. 2 FS The FR command... string. If the specified text is found, it is deleted and replaced with the new text, and the pointer is positioned at the end of the specified text. If the specified text is not found, the pointer is positioned at the beginning of the buffer. not found, the pointer is ositioned at the beginning of the buffer. T he "FS" command is of the form: For example, to replace the nex "example", use the command he next occurrence of "exumple" with example", use the command (Note that the key 2 Gq that the key echoes as "$" at your terminal.) 2 G* The Gq command... 2 G_ The G* command... 2 H The G_ command... 2 I The H command... pointer. The command is of the form: xt, starting at the current ointer. The command is of the form: For example, to insert the or example, to insert the text "This is a test", type (Note that the ke2 J e that the key is echoed as a "$" sign at your terminal.) editing buffer. Common forms of the command are: inter within the diting buffer. Common forms of the command are: ZJ Point to the end of the buffer ffer 2 K ZJ Point to the end of the buffer buffer. Common forms of the command are: of text from the editing uffer. Common forms of the command are: end of the current line pointer through the 0K Delete the text from the current line to the pointer nning of the 5K Delete the next five lines of from the pointer ve lines of text, starting HK delete all of the 2 L HK delete all of the text in the editing buffer another. Common forms of the command are: pointer from one line to nother. Common forms of the command are: 0L Move to the beginning of the current lin 5l Move to the fifth line past the current lin -1L Move back to the previous line current line 2 LINE-FEED back to the previous line The ^J The ^J (or LINE-FEED) command has two different functions. character has no effect. It is meant to be used together with the RETURN and SPACE commands to provide the TECO programmer with a way to indent and format TECO programs and macros. ogrammer with a way o indent and format TECO programs and macros. typed after a TECO prompt) a LINE-FEED will cause TECO to immediately move to the front of the next line and type the line (like a 1L1T). The LINE-FEED immediate mode command together with the BACKSPACE immediate mode command (which is like a -1L1T) provides a convenient way to step from line to line within the edit buffer. a convenient 2 M to step from line to line within the edit buffer. 2 N The M command... search continues across page boundaries, if necessary, until the specified text, or the end of the file, is encountered. The "N" command is of the form: d of the file, is encountered. The "N" ommand is of the form: For example, to find the te page in the file, use the command me", which may appear on a later age in the file, use the command (Note the the key echoes as "$" at your terminal.) 2 P The O command... the output file and read the next page of text from the input file to the editing buffer. Common forms of the command are: input file to he editing buffer. Common forms of the command are: and get the next page r to the output file 5P Write the current buffe pages from the input file, to the output file, then read the next page from the input file , into the editing buffer rom the input file 2 Q into the editing buffer 2 R The Q command... 2 RETURN R command... The 2 S The ^M (or RETURN) command... the current buffer. If the text is found, the pointer is positioned after the specified text. If the text is not found, an error message is printed and the pointer is set to the beginning of the buffer. The "S" command is of the form: set to the beginning of the buffer. he "S" command is of the form: For example, to find the te or example, to find the text "find me", use the command (Note that the <2 SPACE at the key echoes as "$" at your terminal.) The2 T The SPACE command... Common forms of the "T" command are: xt from the editing buffer. ommon forms of the "T" command are: 0T Type text from the beginning of the current line line to the pointer ginning of the current 5T Print the next five l from the pointer e lines of text, starting HT Print the entire c2 TAB Print the entire contents of the editing buffer T2 U The ^I (or TAB) command... 2 V The U command... 2 W The V command... 2 Xq The W command... 2 Y The Xq command... 2 Z The Y command... 2 [ The Z command... 2 \ The [ command... 2 ] The \ command... 2 | The ] command... 1 Conditionals and... The " comm or "if-then-else" construct. The two general forms of the " command are if-then-else" construct. The two general forms of the " command re n"x' like "if x(n) then " n"x|' like "if x(n) then else " W conditional characters determine how the value of the expression is tested. Conditionals may be nested. the value of the expression is ested. Conditionals may be nested. 1 Deletion onal help is available with TECO COMMANDS ". The f Additional help is available individually on these commands using the help keyword COMMANDS. able individually on these commands using the elp keyword COMMANDS. D nD delete n characters following the character pointer -nD delete n characters preceeding the character pointer m,nD delete characters between positions m and n pointer FDtext$ search for and delete a text string and n FRtext$ equivalent to ^SDItext$ ext string K delete the line following nK delete n lines following the character pointer -nK delete n lines preceeding the character pointer m,nK delete characters between positions m and n er HK delete the entire edit buffer ions m and n FKtext$ delete all characters between h1 Errors delete all characters between here and text All All TECO error messages are of the form ? XXX Short text message a nd abort TECO's command execution. T print the erring command string up to and including the error point. rint the erring command string up to and including the error point. T longer explanation of the error. er TECO's input prompt will print a 2 BNI ?BNI > not in iteration r. BNI ?BNI > not in iteration T somewhere to its left. (Note: an iteration in a macro stored in a Q-register must be complete within the Q-register.) acro stored in a 2 CPQ ?CPQ Can't pop Q-reg within the Q-register.) CPQ ?CPQ Can't pop Q-reg A Q-register push down list. d and there is nothing saved on the 2 DTB ?DTB Delete too big DTB ?DTB Delete too big A current page. as been attempted which is not contained within the 2 ERR ?ERR ID, t ERR ?ERR ID, text S text explain the error. ce call failed. The error message ID and 2 FNF ?FNF File not found FNF ?FNF File not found "filespec" T within a macro the colon modified ER or EB command may be necessary. 2 IAA ?IAA Illegal A arg modified ER or EB command may be necessary. IAA ?IAA Illegal A arg T2 IEC ?IEC Illegal E character mand is negative or 0. IEC ?IEC Illegal E character A followed by an alphabetic to form a legal E command (e.g., ER or EX). 2 IFC ?IFC Illegal F character rm a legal E command (e.g., ER or EX). IFC ?IFC Illegal F character A2 IIA ?IIA Illegal insert arg executed. IIA ?IIA Illegal insert arg A character and text insertion is illegal. ted. This combination of 2 ILL ?ILL Illegal command n is illegal. ILL ?ILL Illegal command A2 ILN ?ILN Illegal number o execute an invalid TECO command. ILN ?ILN Illegal number A2 IPA ?IPA Illegal P arg d when the radix of TECO is set to octal. IPA ?IPA Illegal P arg T2 IQC ?IQC Illegal " character W command is negative or 0. IQC ?IQC Illegal " character O2 IQN ?IQN Illegal Q-reg name d not follow the ". IQN ?IQN Illegal Q-reg name A commands. Q-register name was specified in one of the Q-register 2 IRA ?IRA I IRA ?IRA Illegal radix arg T2 ISA ?ISA Illegal search arg mand must be 8, 10, or 16. ISA ?ISA Illegal search arg T be 0. ument preceding a search command is 0. This argument must not 2 ISS ?I ISS ?ISS Illegal search string O modified the search string delimiter (usually ESCAPE). .) would have 2 IUC ?IUC Illegal ^ character miter (usually ESCAPE). IUC ?IUC Illegal ^ character T 137 inclusive or between 141 and 172 inclusive. e between 100 and 2 MEM ?MEM Memory overflow 1 and 172 inclusive. MEM ?MEM Memory overflow I sure the Q-register area does not contain much unnecessary text. Breaking up the text area into multiple pages might be useful. text. 2 MRP ?MRP Missing ) area into multiple pages might be useful. MRP ?MRP Missing ) T left parenthesis. renthesis that is not matched by a corresponding 2 NAB ?NAB No arg be NAB ?NAB No arg before ^_ T or a command that returns a numeric value. specific numeric argument 2 NAC ?NAC No arg before , numeric value. NAC ?NAC No arg before , A argument. as been executed in which a , is not preceded by a numeric 2 NAE ?NAE N NAE ?NAE No arg before = T numeric argument or a command that returns a numeric value. specific 2 NAP ?NAP No arg before ) nd that returns a numeric value. NAP ?NAP No arg before ) A a specific numeric argument or a command that returns a numeric value. fic numeric argument or a command that returns a numeric 2 NAQ ?NA NAQ ?NAQ No arg before " T the decision to execute the following commands or skip to the matching ' is based. cute the following commands or skip to the 2 NAS ?NAS No arg befor NAS ?NAS No arg before ; T the decision to execute the following commands or skip to the matching > is based. cute the following commands or skip to the 2 NAU ?NAU No arg befor NAU ?NAU No arg before U T or a command that returns a numeric value. pecific numeric argument 2 NFI ?NFI No file for input umeric value. NFI ?NFI No file for input B an input file by use of a command such as ER or EB. essary to open 2 NFO ?NFO No file for output and such as ER or EB. NFO ?NFO No file for output B necessary to open an output file by use of a command such as EW or EB. sary to open an output file by use of a command such as EW or 2 NYA NYA ?NYA Numeric arg with Y T command that returns a numeric value. ither a numeric argument or a 2 OFO ?OFO Output file already open "fil OFO ?OFO Output file already open "filespec" A an output file currently is open. It is typically appropriate to use the EC or EK command as the situation calls for to close the output file. or EK command as the situation calls for to close the output 2 PDO ?P PDO ?PDO Push-down list overflow T2 POP ?POP Pointer off page e too complex. Simplify it. POP ?POP Pointer off page A pointer off the page. The result of executing one of these commands must leave the pointer between 0 and Z, inclusive. The characters referenced by a D or m,nX command must also be within the buffer boundary. by a D or m,nX command must also be within the buffer 2 SNI ?SNI ; SNI ?SNI ; not in iteration A This command may only be executed within iteration brackets. racket. 2 SRH ?SRH Search failure "text" within iteration brackets. SRH ?SRH Search failure "text" A iteration has failed to find the specified "text". After an S search fails the pointer is left at the beginning of the buffer. After an N or _ search fails the last page of the input file has been input and, in the case of N, output, and the buffer is cleared. In the case of an N search it is usually necessary to close the output file and reopen it for continued editing. essary to close the output file and 2 STL ?STL String too long ting. STL ?STL String too long A result of a missing ESCAPE after the string. s is most likely the 2 UTC ?UTC Unterminated command the string. UTC ?UTC Unterminated command T insert, search, or filespec argument, an unterminated ^A message, an unterminated tag or comment (i.e., unterminated ! construct), or a missing ' character which closes a conditional execution command. a 2 UTM ?UTM Unterminated macro es a conditional execution command. UTM ?UTM Unterminated macro T command was executing from a Q-register (i.e., it was a macro). (Note: An entire command sequence stored in a Q-register must be complete within the Q-register.) stored in a Q-register must be 2 XAB ?XAB Execution aborted r.) XAB ?XAB Execution aborted E CTRL/C. of TECO was aborted. This is usually due to the typing of 2 YCA ?YCA YCA ?YCA Y command aborted A output file open, that would cause text in the text buffer to be erased without outputting it to the output file. The ED command controls this check. ing it to the output file. The ED command 1 Files this check. TEC time. The following commands control files. t files at the same ime. The following commands control files. E EB open input and output EN wildcard lookup EC copy and close EP secondary input s EF close output file ER open input file tream EG EC with command string EW open output file EI indirect command file EX EC and exit ile EK close, delete output file EX EC and exit K close, delete output file T he following commands input and output to/from files. A EQq read file into Q-register to edit buffer EY yank without protection P output edit buffer, inpu Y yank page from input file into edit bu yank page from input file into edit buffer I1 Flags al help is available for each of these commands. Fla changes the way TECO executes. Flags are manipulated as follows: gs hanges the way TECO executes. Flags are manipulated as follows: n set the value of the flag to n m,n turns off m bits, turns on n bi 0,n turns on n bits turns on n bits m,0 turns off m bits m,0 turns off m bits T he flags are: EH help level flag EU case flag ag EO TECO version number EV edit verify ES search verify flag ^x search verify flag ES search verify flag ^x search verify flag A COMMANDS help keyword. able for each individual flag using the 1 Help S help keyword. TE library or the default system library. To get help about TECOC from the TECOC library, just say "HELP". To get help from the default system library, say "HELP/S" ELP". To get help from the default 1 Initialization ay "HELP/S" TECO initial1 Insertion itialization... TECO in1 Loops O insertion... Loo1 Memory s... TECO name is stored in a process logical called TEC$MEMORY. If you invoke TECO without specifying a file-spec, TECO will read its memory logical and re-edit the last edited file. TECO's memory feature is completely inhibited by the /NOMEMORY qualifier. s memory feature is 1 Qualifiers hibited by the /NOMEMORY qualifier. Qualifie2 -c Qualifiers... 2 -d 2 -m 2 -p 2 -r 1 Q-re Q-registe1 Release_notes .. Release_not1 Searching _notes... TECO pr buffer can be searched in a forward or backward direction. Files can be searched in a forward direction. Within the edit buffer, the area to be searched can be bounded. Search commands can return values so that the success or failure of a search can control execution of macros. Special match control characters can be used in search arguments to allow pattern matching. Search commands can be modified by the @ character. ttern matching. Search commands can be modified y the @ character. the last character in the search string. Help is available individually for the following commands: ring. Help is available ndividually for the following commands: N file search FN file search and repl _ destructive file search FD search and delete lace 2 Match_control_characters earch FD search and delete TECO supports specia strings. These constructs allow for special pattern matching. The constructs are constructs allow for special pattern matching. The onstructs are ^EB non-alphanumerics ^EW uppercase ^EC alphanumerics, . or $ ^EX anything ^ED digits ^E octal nnn ^EGq anything in q-register q ^E[a,b..] a,b... n ^EL LF, VT, FF ^Nx anything ^EMx * of x ^S non-alphanumeric ^ER alphanumerics ^X anything umerics ^ES * of spaces, tabs ^X anything 3 ^EA * of spaces, tabs T character is acceptable in this position. Alphabetic characters are upper and lower case characters from a to z. phabetic characters are 3 ^EB and lower case characters from a to z. T character is acceptable in this position. Characters other than letters (a-z upper and lowercase) and digits are seperators. The ^EB match control construct is the same as the ^S match control construct. ol construct is the same as the ^S match control 3 ^EC uct. T that is valid in a symbol name is acceptable in this position. The characters that are valid in symbol names are alphanumerics (letters and digits), period and dollar sign. mes are alphanumerics (letters 3 ^ED gits), period and dollar sign. T character is acceptable in this position. Digits are 0 through 9. t 3 ^EGq er is acceptable in this position. Digits are 0 through 9. Th q-register q is acceptable in this position. For instance, if q-register q contains A, B and C, then A, B or C is acceptable in this position. tains A, B and C, then A, B or C is acceptable in 3 ^EL osition. T terminator character is acceptable in this position. Line terminator characters are LINE-FEED, VERTICAL-TAB and FORM-FEED. ine terminator 3 ^EMx ers are LINE-FEED, VERTICAL-TAB and FORM-FEED. Th number of occurrences of x is acceptable in this position. x can be another match control construct. For instance, ^EMZ will match Z, ZZ, ZZZ, ZZZZ, etc. construct. For instance, ^EMZ will match Z, 3 ^ER Z, ZZZZ, etc. T character is acceptable in this position. Alphanumeric characters are letter (a-z upper or lower case) and digits (0-9). ic characters 3 ^ES tter (a-z upper or lower case) and digits (0-9). T of spaces and/or tabs is acceptable in this position. For instance, the following command string ptable in this position. For instance, he following command string j $ s^ES $>$ >$$ w edit buffer. spaces and tabs off the end of lines of text in the 3 ^EV uffer. T alphabetic character (a-z) is accetable in this position. ower case 3 ^EW etic character (a-z) is accetable in this position. T alphabetic character (A-Z) is accetable in this position. pper case 3 ^EX etic character (A-Z) is accetable in this position. T acceptable in this position. The ^X match control construct is the same as the ^EX match control construct. ch control construct is the 3 ^E e ^EX match control construct. The ^ that has octal code nnn is acceptable in this position. This construct is useful for specifying characters in search strings that would cause unpleasant effects if they were antered directly. Characters like NULL, DELETE and ESCAPE fall into this category. ly. 3 ^E[a,b,c...] NULL, DELETE and ESCAPE fall into this category. The ^E[a,b the characters a, b, c... are acceptable in this position. For instance, the command string are acceptable in this position. For nstance, the command string s th^E[i,a]^E[s,t]$$ w3 ^Nx match "this" or "that" or "thit" or "thas". T except x is acceptable in this position. x can be a match control construct. For instance, the command string can be a match control onstruct. For instance, the command string s ^N^E[a,b]$$ w3 ^S match any character except lowercase a and lowercase b. character is acceptable in this position. Characters other than letters (a-z upper and lowercase) and digits are seperators. The ^S match control construct is the same as the ^EB match control construct. ol construct is the same as the ^EB match control 3 ^X ruct. acceptable in this position. The ^X match control construct is the same as the ^EX match control construct. ch control construct is the 2 String_building_characters construct. It is sometimes helpful search arguments that cannot be entered directly. The ESCAPE character is a good example, as are ^C, ^Y and DELETE. TECO supports special string building constructs that allow special characters to be entered in search commands. ucts that allow special characters to 3 ^Q tered in search commands. following the ^Q is to be used literally rather than as a match control character. The ^Q string build construct is the same as the ^R string build construct. tring build construct is the same as the 3 ^R ring build construct. following the ^Q is to be used literally rather than as a match control character. The ^R string build construct is the same as the ^Q string build construct. tring build construct is the same as the 3 ^V ring build construct. following the ^V is to be used as the equivalent character in lower case. For instance, ^VR would equal r in a search argument. n lower 3 ^V^V For instance, ^VR would equal r in a search argument. Th following the ^V^V in the string are to be converted to lower case. All characters in the string are converted up to the end of the string or a ^W^W string build construct. The ^W string build construct can be used to override the ^V^V on a single-character basis. t can be used to override the ^V^V on a single-character 3 ^W . following the ^W is to be used as the equivalent character in upper case. For instance, ^Wr would equal R in a search argument. n upper 3 ^W^W For instance, ^Wr would equal R in a search argument. Th following the ^W^W in the string are to be converted to upper case. All characters in the string are converted up to the end of the string or a ^V^V string build construct. The ^V string build construct can be used to override the ^W^W on a single-character basis. t can be used to override the ^W^W on a single-character 3 ^EQq Th q-register q is to be used in this position in the search string. in 3 ^EUq ter q is to be used in this position in the search string. Th whose ASCII code is contained in q-register q is to be used in this position in the search string. in q-register q is to be used in this 1 TECO n in the search string. TE allows the user to edit text interactively using simple, short (one or two letter) commands. The commands can be combined to form TECO programs, or macros. These macros can be stored in files and executed by the user while in TECO or in a stand-alone fashion. and xecuted by the user while in TECO or in a stand-alone fashion. F ormat: teco -c -d data -m -p -r filespec T LOGIN.COM file. The following lines illustrate how this can be done: OGIN.COM file. The following lines illustrate how this can be done: ma*ke :== $SYS$SYSTEM:TECOC - mu*ng :== $SYS$SYSTEM:TECOC -p -