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<div class="div">
<h1>Overview of Nokia Smart Radio Concept for
EDGE (Nokia SRC)</h1>

<p>The Nokia Smart Radio Concept (<a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id013526#id013526" onclick="openSmallPopup(event,'NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id013526#id013526');return false" shape="rect" target="_blank">SRC</a>)
enhances the radio performance of the BTS in both EDGE and GSM modes and is
an important software for gaining the maximum coverage for EDGE.</p>


<p>Nokia SRC consists of the following uplink and downlink
performance enhancement solutions:</p>


<ul>
<li><p>4-way uplink diversity reception (4UD).</p>
</li>
<li><p>Sensitivity-optimised High Gain Mast
Head Amplifier (UltraSite<a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id013362#id013362" onclick="openSmallPopup(event,'NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id013362#id013362');return false" shape="rect" target="_blank"> MHA</a>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>Interference Rejection Combining (IRC).</p>
</li>
<li><p>Intelligent Downlink Diversity Transmission
(IDD)</p>
</li>
</ul>


<p>The uplink (4UD, UltraSite MHA and IRC) and downlink (IDD)
enhancement solutions can also be used independently, except for 4UD, which
is used with IDD.</p>


<p>The SRC concept, introduced in BSS10.5, is supported by
the UltraSite BTS family. MetroSite supports IRC and IDD.</p>


<p>The SRC utilises auxiliary transceivers effectively for
both the <a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id05016#id05016" onclick="openSmallPopup(event,'NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id05016#id05016');return false" shape="rect" target="_blank">UL</a> and <a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id04455#id04455" onclick="openSmallPopup(event,'NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id04455#id04455');return false" shape="rect" target="_blank">DL</a>.</p>


<p>The figure <em>Nokia Smart Radio Concept
for EDGE, one carrier per cell</em> shows one carrier/cell configuration
of Nokia Smart Radio Concept for EDGE with IDD and by-pass combination configuration
and MHAs.</p>


<a name="nov282166481" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02242156:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242156&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Nokia Smart Radio Concept for EDGE, one carrier per cell.</p>
</div>


<p>The figure <em>Nokia Smart Radio Concept
for EDGE, two carriers per cell with all SRC solutions</em> shows an example
of two carriers/cell configuration with IDD and 4-way Uplink Diversity in
Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTS.</p>


<a name="nov2821623391" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02242168:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242168&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Nokia Smart Radio Concept for EDGE, two carriers per cell with all
SRC solutions.</p>
</div>


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<div class="topic">
<h2>Interference
Rejection Combining with 4-way Uplink Diversity and High Gain MHA</h2>

<p>In Nokia SRC, the uplink performance (BTS reception) is
enhanced with the combination of Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) via
4-way diversity reception of the BTS and sensitivity-optimised high-gain Nokia
UltraSite Masthead Amplifiers (UltraSite MHA introduced already in BSS9).
IRC can also be used together with 2-way diversity reception.</p>


<p>IRC eliminates correlated noise (interference) received
by both antennas. If there is no correlated noise, then IRC behaves like normal
Maximum Ratio Combining (<a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id010185#id010185" onclick="openSmallPopup(event,'NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=general_glossary&amp;edition=13&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=id010185#id010185');return false" shape="rect" target="_blank">MRC</a>). The combining gain depends on
the dominant interference ratio and angular spread of interference [PAR].</p>


<p>In 4-way diversity reception, post detection Maximum Ratio
Combining is then used for two IRC-combined signals. This method is ideal
for a dual X-polarised antenna concept, providing up to 3dB gain. The gain
of 4UD comes from enhanced UL diversity performance as well as enhanced energy
collection surface of the antenna system, providing capacity and coverage
enhancements.</p>


<p>An example for two pairs of X-polarised antennas is presented
in the figure <em>Two pairs of X-polarised antennas</em>.</p>


<a name="nov2821612357" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02242195:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242195&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Two pairs of X-polarised antennas</p>
</div>


<p>The UltraSite High Gain MHA is especially designed to enhance
the UltraSite BTS site performance by optimising a noise figure of the receiver
chain including the antenna system and BTS receiver front end.</p>
</div>


<a name="nov22214543413" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h2>Intelligent
Downlink Diversity</h2>

<p>Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD) transmission is a
hybrid antenna concept based on Beam Steering and Delay Diversity. It increases
the coverage area of cells by enhancing downlink radio performance and antenna
diversity gain of the BTS. These two modes of operation are displayed in figures <em>Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD) concept (Delay diversity)</em>
and <em>Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD) concept (Beam
steering)</em>.</p>


<p>The number of antennas (elements) is four instead of two
or more used in conventional Smart Antenna systems. Currently deployed main
and diversity antennas can be used.</p>


<a name="nov2821611226" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02242183:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242183&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Intelligent Downlink Diversity</p>
</div>


<p><em>Delay Diversity (DD)</em></p>


<p>The downlink DD improves the performance of a cellular
system by transmitting through two antennas. The cell coverage area is extended
by sending the same radio time slots or bursts, with a slight delay, simultaneously
through two transmitters and antennas, regardless of the logical channel.
One cell requires two antennas (or X-polarised antennas). The transmission
of the auxiliary antenna is delayed by a few (0 - 1.5) symbol periods. To
the BSC, the main and auxiliary TRXs appear as a single (logical) TRX, and
the auxiliary TRX takes on all TRX configuration parameters and administration
state as set by the BSC for the main TRX.</p>


<a name="mar224103861" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn0447493:1:none:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn0447493&amp;edition=1&amp;language=none&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD) concept (Delay diversity)</p>
</div>


<p>DD provides a good performance for all modulation schemes.
IDD boosts downlink performance by up to 5 dB (a minimum of 3 dB) in all radio
time slots, compared to a single transmission system. The IDD method provides
its best gain in low-correlated Rayleigh channels; therefore, phase hopping
is used to change phasing between adjacent bursts, and, consequently, to decrease
correlation between a main and auxiliary transmitter. Random or periodic phase
hopping is used, according to modulation type and EGPRS coding rate used.</p>


<p><em>Beam Steering</em></p>


<p>Beam Steering is based on phase and amplitude control of
auxiliary transmitter and it provides gain up to 5dB. Beam steering is guided
by DL quality reports from MS. </p>


<a name="mar224127148" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn0447778:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn0447778&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD) concept (Beam steering)</p>
</div>


<p>The figure <em>Nokia EDGE downlink diversity
solution, one carrier per cell</em> shows an example of the IDD solution.</p>


<a name="nov282169515" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02242171:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242171&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Nokia EDGE downlink diversity solution, one carrier per cell.</p>
</div>


<p>The typical configurations in one Nokia UltraSite EDGE
BTS cabinet are:</p>


<ul>
<li><p>1+1+1 with combiner by-pass.</p>
</li>
<li><p>2+2+2 with 4-way diversity.</p>
</li>
<li><p>6 TRXs per cell with Remote Tune Combiners
for large coverage and high-capacity needs.</p>
</li>
</ul>


<p>In each case, an additional TRX is needed for transmitting.</p>
</div>


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<div class="topic">
<h2>Related
topics</h2>

<ul>
<li><p><a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02242662&amp;edition=5&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=nov22215133515#nov22215133515" onclick="sync(this);return true" shape="rect">Overview of Nokia EDGE</a></p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn03317131&amp;edition=3&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=xhtml_1_0&amp;component=data&amp;item=data&amp;pointer=mar631358571#mar631358571" onclick="sync(this);return true" shape="rect">Principles of configuring BTS to IDD mode
with BTS manager</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
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