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<div class="div">
<h2>Receiving end</h2>

<p>The receiving end contains the following items:</p>


<ul>
<li><p>Sensitivity</p>
</li>
<li><p>Additional fast fading margin</p>
</li>
<li><p>Cable loss + connector and Rx antenna
gain</p>
</li>
<li><p>Body loss</p>
</li>
<li><p>MHA Gain</p>
</li>
<li><p>Diversity Gain</p>
</li>
<li><p>Intelligent Uplink Diversity (IUD)</p>
</li>
<li><p>Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD)</p>
</li>
<li><p>Tx Diversity</p>
</li>
</ul>


<a name="mar1841434482" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Sensitivity</h3>

<p>Base station sensitivity should be checked from appropriate
marketing personnel before each dimensioning (or other) exercise. UltraSite
sensitivity is found to be a bit better than the previous generation's BTSs
(Talk family).</p>
</div>


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<div class="topic">
<h3>Additional
fast fading margin</h3>

<p>For packet transmission, as no handover scheme is implemented,
the link is based on retransmission and cell reselection. A 2 dB fast fading
margin is assumed in the voice traffic case.</p>
</div>


<a name="mar1841438354" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Cable
loss + connector and Rx antenna gain</h3>

<p>The system sensitivity is depending on cable and connector
loss, antenna gain, MHA gain if applicable, additional noise, etc. </p>


<p>At the BS, a 16.5 dB antenna gain is assumed. However,
depending on configurations lower antenna gains are found (14 dB in the GSM
900 bands). Moreover, antenna gains may vary across a network. </p>


<p>At the MS, the PDA type of configuration is assumed to
have a 3dB advantage compared to MS near the head. Note that isotropic antenna
helps in the Rx diversity schemes as the number of scatterers is increased
(increased diversity and less subject to higher signal variation as well).</p>
</div>


<a name="mar1841439265" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Body
loss</h3>

<p>As the next generation of data terminals is assumed to
be hand-held in a PDA fashion, no body loss is taken into account for EDGE
scenarios. This compares with an assumed loss of 3dB for a handset held near
the head.</p>
</div>


<a name="mar1841440196" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>MHA
Gain</h3>

<p>If the cable loss is that high that the signal level reaches
or crosses the noise floor at the input, the SNR is not enough to guarantee
the quality of the reception. Therefore MHA is recommended to compensate cable
losses.  </p>


<p>However, the SNR without MHA is always be better (because
the MHA generate additional noise) if the noise floor is down enough (the
cable loss is still not enough to reach the noise floor). The difference between
the SNR with MHA and without corresponds to the noise figure of the amplifier. </p>


<p>The usage of MHA is directly depending of the sensitivity
and the noise floor at the input of the receiver and the loss the cable or
the feeder is causing. </p>
</div>


<a name="mar1841441167" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Diversity
Gain</h3>

<p>The diversity gain depends on the separation of receiver
antennas. In case of horizontal separation, 4 meters separation generates
approximately a 3 dB diversity gain.</p>
</div>


<a name="mar1841442208" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Intelligent
Uplink Diversity (IUD)</h3>

<p>Intelligent Uplink Diversity (IUD) is a combination of
Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) and up to 4-branch combing. It is part
of the Nokia Smart Radio Concept. </p>


<p>IRC can give gain against interference on top of the current diversity
gain. The actual gain/effect of IRC is, however, under study at the moment. </p>


<p>When 4-branch UL diversity is used, the following gains can be used
in radio network planning (the values must always be agreed with the customer). </p>


<a name="mar224918312" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<p>Table: IUD gains</p>


<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="bottom">
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top"><p>Environment</p>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top"><p>Used configuration and Gain on top of normal diversity
gain</p>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Urban</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4 – branch with x-pol antennas =&gt; 2.5 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Suburban</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4 – branch with x-pol antennas =&gt; 2 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Rural</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4 – branch with x-pol antennas =&gt; 1.5 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Rural</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>4 – branch with v-pol antennas =&gt; 2.5 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>


<a name="mar1841443249" shape="rect"></a>
<div class="topic">
<h3>Intelligent
Downlink Diversity (IDD)</h3>

<p>Intelligent Downlink Diversity, which is part of the Nokia Smart Radio
Concept, is based on Beam Steering and Delay Diversity (DD). See <em>Overview
of Nokia Smart Radio Concept</em> for details.</p>


<p>The estimated link level gain of DD typically ranges from
4 to 5 dB. The transmitted power penalty for 8-PSK modulation can be easily
counteracted by DD gain. The figure <em>Delay Diversity Gain versus C/I</em>
shows that the gain is lower for a lower C/I value. </p>


<a name="dec132124767" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn02256715:1:en:global:cgm_fixed:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn02256715&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: Delay Diversity Gain versus C/I </p>
</div>


<a name="mar224135962" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<img alt="urn:mars:dn0448738:1:en:global:tiff:data:data" border="0" src="NED?action=retrieve&amp;identifier=dn0448738&amp;edition=1&amp;language=en&amp;coverage=global&amp;encoding=gif&amp;component=data&amp;item=data" /><p class="figure-caption">Figure: E-field pattern in beam steering</p>
</div>


<p>The use of IDD can be modeled in the network planning (power
budget) so that an additional 3 dB is added to the BTS transmitted power and
then between 0 and 2 dB gain as BTS TX diversity (MS RX diversity). Note,
however, that the diversity gain depends on the surrounding environment. Before
detailed results are available, the following values can be used. </p>


<a name="dec1029235220" shape="rect"></a>
<div>
<p>Table: MS RX Diversity Gain Values for Different Environments for IDD</p>


<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="bottom">
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top"><p>Environment</p>
</th>
<th colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top"><p>MS RX diversity gain</p>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Urban </p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Suburban</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>1 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="left" char="" charoff="50" valign="top">
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Rural</p>
</td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>0 dB</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>


<p>It should be noted that IDD does not improve the C/I conditions
but a later version of DD called DDD (Dynamic Downlink Diversity) should provide
some improvements to C/I conditions as well. The difference between IDD and
DDD is that in DDD only the slots that are of a bad quality (bad performance)
are duplicated instead of blindly duplicating every timeslot as in IDD.</p>
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