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<h1>Enhanced Coverage by Frequency Hopping</h1>

<p>This feature uses frequency hopping gain, especially the
frequency diversity gain, to build coverage to radio network.</p>


<p>Frequency hopping is mainly used to improve quality and
capacity in the cellular network. However, it can be used to improve coverage
as well. Due to the frequency diversity gain provided by frequency hopping,
the coverage of the cell can be increased, especially for slow moving mobiles.</p>


<p>The gain that the frequency diversity delivers depends
mostly on the number of frequencies included into hopping sequence and also
on the environment. In a rural area, a line-of-sight condition often exists,
and the multi-path effect is not very strong therefore the gain produced by
FH is clearly lower than in an urban environment.</p>


<p>Because the frequency hopping gain depends on the number
of hopping frequencies, RF hopping is often the only way to achieve the maximum
gain, especially with low capacity sites. However, in RF hopping the BCCH
transceiver cannot hop and will not, therefore, utilise the frequency diversity
gain. Although the BCCH channel itself is robust enough to provide coverage
in the edge of the cell, the BCCH TCH timeslots are not providing extended
coverage.</p>


<p>In order to utilise the frequency hopping gain for coverage
enhancement, the channel allocation and handover algorithm in the BSS require
modification. Therefore, Nokia is introducing a new solution for enhancing
coverage. The new solution provides the network operators with tools to intelligently
improve the coverage of their networks through FH and BSS SW features. Because
the hopping transceivers are providing more coverage than the BCCH one, the
new solution handles the channel allocation to the appropriate network layer.</p>


<p>The new solution also provides seamless handovers between
two layers according to the path loss or quality of the connection. The following
figure illustrates the solution.</p>


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